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From the last few decades, there has been an increasing research interest in the value of lignocellulosic biomass. Lignoellulosic biomass is an inexpensive, renewable abundant and provides a unique natural resource for large-scale and cost-effective bio-energy collection. In addition, using lignocellulosic materials and other low-cost biomass can significantly reduce the cost of materials used for ethanol production. Therefore, in this background, the rapidly evolving tools of biotechnology can lower the conversion costs and also enhance a yield of target products. In this context, a biological processing presents a promising approach to converting lignocellulosic materials into energy-fuels. The present summarized review work begins with an overview on the physio-chemical features and composition of major agricultural biomass. The information is also given on the processing of agricultural biomass to produce industrially important enzymes, e.g., ligninases or cellulases. Cellulases provide a key opportunity for achieving tremendous benefits of biomass utilization.

In energy deficient world, cellulases play a major role for the production of alternative energy resources utilizing lignocellulosic waste materials for bioethanol and biogas production. This study highlights fungal and bacterial strains for the production of cellulases and its industrial applications. Solid State Fermentation (SSF) is more suitable process for cellulase production as compared to submerge fermentation techniques. Fungal cellulosomes system for the production of cellulases is more desirable and resistant to harsh environmental conditions. Trichoderma species are considered as most suitable candidate for cellulase production and utilization in industry as compared to Aspergillus and Humicola species. However, genetically modified strains of Aspergillus have capability to produce cellulase in relatively higher amount. Bacterial cellulase are more resistant to alkaline and thermophile conditions and good candidate in laundries. Cellulases are used in variety of industries such as textile, detergents and laundries, food industry, paper and pulp industry and biofuel production. Thermally stable modified strains of fungi and bacteria are good future prospect for cellulase production.

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An indigenous strain of Trichoderma viride produced high titers of cellulase complex in solid-state bio-processing of agro-industrial orange peel waste, which was used as the growth-supporting substrate. When the conditions of the SSF medium containing 15 g orange peel (50% w/w moisture) inoculated with 5 mL of inoculum were optimal, the maximum productions of endoglucanase (655 ± 5.5 U/mL), exoglucanase (412 ± 4.3 U/mL), and β-glucosidase (515 ± 3.7 U/mL) were recorded after 4 days of incubation at pH 5 and 35 °C. The enzyme with maximum activity (endoglucanase) was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and Sephadex G-100 column gel filtration chromatographic technique. Endoglucanase was 5.5-fold purified with specific activity of 498 U/mg in comparison to the crude enzyme. The enzyme was shown to have a molecular weight of 58 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulphate poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The shelf life profile revealed that the enzyme could be stored at room temperature (30 °C) for up to 45 days without losing much of its activity.

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