Low-rise reinforced concrete (RC) frames with brick masonry infill walls up to five stories high have been used for housing construction in Nepal since the late 1980s. Many buildings of this type were damaged and/or collapsed in the 25 April 2015 Gorkha earthquake (M 7.8), even in areas characterized with moderate shaking intensity such as Kathmandu Valley. Due to inadequate design and/or construction of RC frame components, these buildings essentially behave like masonry shear wall structures with a shear-dominant failure mechanism. The paper presents the findings of a field survey of 98 RC buildings affected by the 2015 earthquake. The main objective of the study was to correlate the observed damage in the buildings using the modified European macroseismic scale (EMS)-98 and the wall index (defined as the wall area in the direction of shaking divided by the total building plan area above the level of interest). The results can be used to help establish recommendations regarding the required wall index for low-rise RC buildings in Nepal.
Organizations in Nepal have retrofitted weak school buildings using earthquake-resistant construction techniques for over a decade. Some of these safer school projects have been carried out as technical interventions only, while others have been embedded within programs of community engagement, masonry training, and oversight. Following the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, 12 school sites were assessed through visual inspection and a series of community interviews to understand the impacts of safer school construction projects on local perceptions and construction practice. Compared to communities that had received technical intervention only, or no intervention at all, communities that had experienced community engagement were more knowledgeable of earthquake-resistant construction techniques and reported more adoption of these techniques in housing construction. They also evidenced more trust in the school building, using it as shelter following the earthquake. Community engagement can amplify the benefit of future school retrofit and reconstruction projects, simultaneously building social and infrastructure capital.
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