Introduction: Alcoholic liver disease is a serious health problem related to an unhealthy lifestyle. The three most widely recognized forms of alcoholic liver disease are alcoholic fatty liver, acute alcoholic hepatitis, and alcoholic cirrhosis. The main aim of our study is to find out the prevalence of alcoholic liver disease in tertiary care center. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among inpatient cases admitted in the medicine department of tertiary care center from 1st June 2018 to 31st May 2019. Ethical approval was taken for the study. Convenience sampling method was used. All the biochemical parameters were expressed as mean±standard deviation for each group and point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Prevalence of alcoholic liver disease is 50 (50%) at a 95% Confidence Interval (40.2%-59.8%) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is also the same. The mean age of alcoholic liver disease was 59±12 years where as the mean age for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was 46±18 years. Out of fifty patients of alcoholic liver disease, majority 48 (96%) of the cases were males which suggests that the prevalence of alcoholic liver disease is very common in males. Similarly, for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, prevalence was 34 (68%) showing higher prevalence than that of females. Conclusions: Prevalence of alcoholic liver disease is low compared to previous studies done in the similar settings. Monitoring these biochemical parameters in alcoholic liver disease at early stage could guide in planning the protocol for the initial treatment.

Introduction: Thyroid hormone is known to affect reproductive biology. Abnormal uterine bleeding is one of the common presentations in gynaecology outpatient departments and thyroid dysfunction is known to affect its progression. This study aims to find the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in diagnosed cases of abnormal uterine bleeding in patients in a tertiary hospital of eastern Nepal. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in patients diagnosed with abnormal uterine bleeding in a tertiary care hospital of eastern Nepal from April 2019-March 2020 after taking ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee. On basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 95 cases of abnormal uterine bleeding were included in the study. A blood sample was taken and a thyroid function test was done by chemiluminescence assay on an automated analyzer. Convenient sampling method was used for sample collection. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Out of the total cases of abnormal uterine bleeding, 15 (15.79%) (8.46-23.12 at 95% Confidence Interval) had thyroid dysfunction. Among total cases, 80 (84.21%) were euthyroid. The mean age of the patients was 33±8 years. Among thyroid dysfunction, 9 (60.0%) were hypothyroid, 4 (26.66 %) were subclinical hypothyroid, and 2 (13.33 %) were hyperthyroid. Conclusions: Thyroid dysfunction was common among patients with abnormal uterine bleeding, with hypothyroidism being the most common type.

Introduction: Pre-eclampsia, one of the most common medical complication in pregnancy results in considerable maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Endothelial dysfunction is a central feature of pre-eclampsia. Elevated serum uric acid level may serve as a marker for early diagnosis of the disease as well as a surrogate for clinical severity of the condition. High serum values of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low- density lipoprotein and and low levels of high density lipoprotein are all significantly related to risk developing preeclampsia.  Objective: To find out the association between serum uric acid levels and lipid profile in pre-eclamptic women and compare it with the normal pregnant women.  Methodology: A case control study was conducted among 180 pregnant women (90 cases of pre-eclamptic women and 90 cases of age matched normal pregnant women) between 21-35 years who were admitted in the Gynaecology and Obstetrics ward of Nobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar. Blood pressure was measured. Serum from all the patients were analyzed for the following biochemical parameters: serum uric acid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL- C. The data were collected and entered in MS-Excel and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) ver. 16 software. Results: Mean serum uric acid of pre-eclamptic women was higher than those of normal pregnant women  which was found to be statistically significant with p value <0.001. Among the lipid parameters, serum triglyceride and total cholesterol was significantly higher in pre-eclamptic women whereas high density lipoprotein was significantly lower in pre-eclamptic. Also there was a positive co-relation between triglyceride and blood pressure and a negative co-relation between HDL-C in preeclamptic women. Conclusion: Development of simple and inexpensive methods to predict and prevent pre-eclampsia in early stage is very important. Thus, our study concludes the utility of measurement of serum uric acid and lipid profile for screening patients at risk of developing pre-eclampsia.

Tooth wear is a universal consequence of aging. It is an irreversible, multifactorial and destructive loss of dental hard tissues caused by either a mechanical or chemical process in the absence of caries or trauma. It can be a physiological and age dependent process. The risk factors that contribute to tooth wear are diet, bruxism, environment, occupation, oral health behaviour, acid regurgitation and use of tobacco. This study was done to find out if there is an association between tooth wear and its associated factors. So that we can educate the patients about the various factors causing tooth wear and minimise it. This cross sectional study was done amongst 339 patients. The clinical assessment of tooth wear was done using tooth wear index developed by Smith & Knight. A specifically designed questionnaire was used to seek information on risk factors of tooth wear. All patients were categorised into one of the following groups: Low Tooth Wear group, Moderate Tooth Wear group, Severe Tooth Wear group based on their individual tooth wear surface scores. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test and descriptive statistics were calculated. We can see that the severity of tooth wear increases with age i.e, p≤0.05 which is statistically significant. Patients with self reported tooth sensitivity (60.5%) had a higher total tooth wear score than those who didn’t (39.5%) and the result was statistically significant. The results of our study show that tooth wear is a consequence of aging and there is an association between tooth wear and dentinal hypersensitivity.

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are mostly due to benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in the elderly men. The severity of LUTS associated with BPH is measured with the international prostate symptom score (IPSS). Objective indicators of the disease severity in BPH are prostate volume, post void residual urine volume (PVRU), uroflowmetry values etc. However the correlation between the severity of subjective symptoms and objective parameters remains unclear. We designed this study to see if there actually is a correlation between the subjective symptoms and the objective parameters in evaluation of LUTS. Elderly male patients presenting with LUTS in the Urology OPD over a period of 10 months are enrolled in this study. These patients are asked to fill the IPSS with assistance if necessary from medical person. Prostate volume and PVRU are measured with trans-abdominal ultrasonography. Uroflowmetry evaluations are done to record maximum flow rate (Qmax) and average flow rate (Qave). Correlation of IPSS with age, prostate volume, PVRU and uroflowmetry parameters is evaluated using correlation regression analysis. Our results revealed significant positive correlation of IPSS with prostate volume and PVRU. Similarly there is significant negative correlation of IPSS with Qmax and Qave. Hence this study concluded that there is significant correlation between symptom severity and objective parameters in elderly patients with LUTS.