1. The European eel Anguilla anguilla is a critically endangered fish species as a result of human activities and climate change in river and oceanic ecosystems. Restocking using glass eels in continental freshwater areas is a potential conservation measure for enhancing local eel stocks and for conserving the species in aquatic habitats, where it may otherwise disappear. However, little is known about the fate of these restocked individuals and the early ecological behaviour of the young eels translocated in rivers. 2.A portable radio-frequency identification (RFID) telemetry system and 12-mm tags were used to track restocked eels for a duration of 4 years. The aim was to understand the early movement, behavioural traits, dispersal, and habitat use of elvers after restocking performed in 2013 with glass eels in a shallow riverine environment.3. From the 241 tagged eels (total length, Q 50 = 152 mm), 85% were detected in 1968 positions during a period of 4 years, beginning in 2014. Clear seasonality in eel activity was observed, with higher mobility in summer when the water temperature was high (above 12°C). Dispersal was slowed by numerous artificial obstacles and the high carrying capacity of habitats. There was a negative relationship between the body size of eels at tagging and their mobility. Five behavioural categories of mobility patterns were identified: ascending, descending, oscillating with an upstream trend, oscillating with a downstream trend, and stationary. The first four categories depleted with time, in favour of stationary individuals that displayed a highly sedentary lifestyle.4. This study provides new knowledge of the long-term dispersal behaviour of restocked eels and the influence of seasons, barriers, and habitats on their colonization strategy changing with time. The results contribute to a better understanding of the issue of uncommon restocking practices in upland rivers.

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-Restocking of inland waters with glass eels is one of the recovery options to prevent the decline of European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) populations. We studied the growth, dispersion, density and habitat preferences in the imported glass eels from UK and stocked in three typologically different small Belgian streams, using electrofishing surveys around the single release point, 1 year following stocking. Our results clearly support that the recaptured individuals stocked in our streams farther from the sea, survived, grew, dispersed upstream and downstream. Elvers exploited the complete transversal section of stream, with preference for the sheltered microhabitats near the banks with slower water velocity and low depth. Length-weight relationship was different between streams in terms of allometric coefficient (b). We assume that microhabitats and food availabilities lead to contrasted results in terms of growth and absolute occurrence. Restocking of glass eels in small middle-land streams was found to be an interesting and unconventional option that requires adequate stream and habitat selection.

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