We describe temperature sensing by hollow core fibers using whispering gallery modes of a spherical microresonator. Light from a tunable laser was coupled into the input end of the hollow core fiber. Optical resonances were excited in a microsphere inserted in the modified output end. Part of the light was coupled back from the resonator into the hollow core fiber and transported back to the input end. This light was recorded via a beam splitter by a diode. The sensing principle is based on the shift of the optical resonances by changing the temperature of the resonator. This shift is monitored and leads to the temperature of the resonator and surrounding respectively.
The generation of hollow beams by a multimode light guiding device is analyzed. The light propagation through the light guide is simulated by ray tracing. It is shown that hollow beams are generated by light rays that propagate along a spiral path through the light guide. The properties of the hollow beam depend on the tilt angle and location of the input beam on the front surface of the light guide. The properties of the output beam are investigated experimentally.
Bu çalışma, Türkiye için enerji fiyatları ile enerji tüketimi arasındaki nedensel ilişkiyi geleneksel ve güncel testlerle araştırmak açısından farklılık göstermektedir. Bunu yaparken enerji fiyatları ile enerji tüketimini Türkiye için 1971-2019 döneminde yıllık verilerle analiz etmektedir. Öncelikle serilerin durağanlık derecelerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla geleneksel ADF ve güncel bir teknik olan Kesirli Fourier ADF durağanlık testleri yapılmıştır. Daha sonra ise geleneksel Granger ve güncel Hatemi-j nedensellik testleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular göstermiştir ki Granger’ e göre değişkenler arasında bir nedensellik yoktur. Ancak Hatemi-j’ ye göre ise pozitif bileşenlerine ayrılmış enerji fiyatlarından pozitif ve negatif şoklarına ayrılmış enerji tüketimine doğru ve negatif bileşenlerine ayrılmış enerji fiyatlarından pozitif bileşenlerine ayrılmış enerji tüketimine doğru bir nedensellik bulunmaktadır.
Foreign trade is a very important variable for national economies. The investment could be inward or outward. World trade has forced the entire world to act as a single economy with effects of globalization. Especially the increase in the transferability of capital, service and technology played an important role in the smooth movement of capital. Developing countries also need large amounts of technology, intermediate goods and investment goods to strengthen their economies. At the same time, its positive contribution to the labor market and its positive impact on economic growth have made these investments one of the most important economic actors. This study using Heritage Index data (which calculated for 178 countries around the world each year) for the Turkish Economy to the discuss development of foreign trade and investment. The data used in the study are not suffi cient for the empirical application. Therefore, descriptive statistical method was preferred in this study. In the study, the index values between 2002 and 2016 were used. As a result of the study, the relationship determined only two variables of the index.
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