Background The spectrum of human adenovirus (HAdV)–related disease is broad, and the virus acts on many organs and systems in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients. We aimed to evaluate the effect of HAdV‐DNA positivity with clinical and laboratory findings 4 months after HSCT. Methods and results We retrospectively investigated HAdV‐DNA in 153 HSCT recipients (≤18 years) by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RealStar; Altona Diagnostics). The results of samples from January 2014 to December 2017 are included. HAdV‐DNA was positive for at least one sample type in 50 (32.67%) patients. HAdV‐DNA positivity rate was 8.92% (N: 145/1625), 40.25% (N: 64/159), and 25% (N: 2/8) for plasma, stool, and urine samples, respectively. HAdV‐DNA was positive in the plasma of 38 (24.83%) patients at a median 16 (range: 1–58 days) days after HSCT. The mortality rate was 23.68% and 6.95% in plasma HAdV‐positive and HAdV‐negative patients (p = .014). Moreover, HAdV‐DNA positivity had an impact on overall survival for allogeneic‐HSCT (p = .013), with the cumulative effect including graft‐versus‐host disease state in multivariate analysis (p = .014). Conclusions Plasma HAdV‐DNA positivity is a potential influencer that decreases survival in the early post‐transplant period. Due to the high mortality rates, close monitoring is required of HAdV infections after HSCT with sensitive methods, especially at the early stage.
Genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) can vary over the years between different patient groups and regions. The prevalence of intravenous drug users (IVDU) is known to increase in our country, yet there are a limited number of studies investigating the distribution of HCV genotypes in this group. These data are essential for monitorization of the changes in HCV epidemiology. The present study aimed to evaluate the five-year results of HCV genotyping among patients infected with HCV related to IVDU and unrelated to drug use. Plasma samples of 720 patients (HCV antibody, HCV RNA positive), which were sent to our laboratory for HCV genotyping between January 2014-March 2019 were analyzed. HCV RNA extraction from plasma samples was performed in the automated-extraction system of EZ1 advanced (Qiagen, Germany) using the EZ1 virus mini kit v2.0 (Qiagen, Germany). Amplicons were obtained by amplifying the 5’NCR and core gene region in the Rotorgene 6000 real-time PCR (Qiagen, Germany) device with the HCV RNA real-time quantitative 2.0 (NLM, Italy) kit. For the genotyping, a commercial line probe assay (LIPA) based on in vitro reverse hybridization GEN-C2.0 kit (NLM, Italy) which can distinguish 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 genotypes and 1a, 1b, 2a/c, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3c, 3k, 4a, 4b, 4c/d, 4e, 4f, 4h, 5a, 6a/b, 6g, 6f/q, 6m, 7a subtypes of HCV, based on variations in the 5’-NCR and core regions was used. HCV genotype distribution of 266 IVDU (93.2%: male; median age: 25 ± 6.82) and 454 non-drug users (51.3%: male; median age: 56.5 ± 16.06) were examined. In order of frequency in the group with IVDU; genotype 1a, 3a, 1b, 4c/d, 2b, 4, 3 were observed and genotype 1, 2a/c and mixed genotype (1+3a) were detected in one patient. In the group without IVDU, in order of frequency; genotype 1b, 1a, 3a, 1, 2a/c, 4 were observed and genotype 2b, 4c/d, 5a, 6a/b, 6 and mixed genotype (3+4) were detected in one patient. Genotypes 1a and 3a were significantly higher in the IVDU group (p< 0.00001, p< 0.00001), while 1b was significantly higher in patients without IVDU (p< 0.00001). Genotypes 1a and 3a were more common in young men (p< 0.00001, p= 0.000163), while 1b was higher in middleaged women (p< 0.00001). The incidence of genotypes 1b (p= 0.021) and 3a (p= 0.012) was higher in foreign nationals than the Turkish patients. When the HCV genotype distribution was examined by years, it was observed that the percentages of genotype 1b and 1a were decreasing, while the percentage of genotype 3a was increasing. As a result, in this study, HCV genotype distribution among IVDU was observed to be different from the general population without IVDU. It was found that genotypes 1a and 3a were more common in the IVDU group. As in the other regions of our country, genotype 1b was found most frequently in the general population. Genotype 3a increases significantly compared to years. In our study, the determination of genotypes existing in different parts of the world may be due to the foreign nationals living in our city and our region is a tourism center. It is also necessary to investigate whether there is an increase in IVDU over the years.
ÖzetAmaç: Kültür pozitif pnömonili yatan hastalarda, non-fermentatif gram negatif bakterilerin (NFB) dağılımı, antimikrobiyal direnç oranları ile bunların yıllar içerisindeki değişimi analiz edilerek, ampirik tedavide kullanılabilecek antimikrobiyallerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve yöntem: 2014-2019 tarihleri arasında çeşitli servislerde yatarak tedavi gören hastaların solunum yolu örneklerinden izole edilen NFB üremeleri retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bakterilerin identifikasyonu ve antimikrobiyal duyarlılık testi otomatize sistem (Phoenix, BD, USA) kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya 2865 örnek dahil edilmiştir. Örneklerin %72,3'ü yoğun bakım ünitelerinde (YBÜ) yatan hastalardan alınmıştır. Acinetobacter baumannii %56(n:1604), Pseudomonas aeruginosa %39,4 (n:1128) ve Stenotrophomonas maltophilia %4,6 (n:133) oranında izole edilmiştir. Pseudomonas aeruginosa izolatlarında amikasin (n(%5,5) vs. n(%11,2), p:0,001), aztreonam (n(%73,6) vs. n(%93,4), p:0,000) ve kolistin (n(%2) vs. n(%14,5), p:0,000) dirençlerinin, A. baumannii izolatlarında ise gentamisin (n(%63,9) vs. n(%89,1), p:0,000), amikasin (n(%73,7) vs. n(%83,4), p:0,000) ve kolistin (n(%1,2) vs. n(%11,2), p:0,000) dirençlerinin geç peryotta anlamlı olarak arttığı saptanmıştır. Yoğun bakım ünitelerinde ise P. aeruginosa izolatlarında amikasin (n(%7,2) vs. n(%12,5), p:0,024), aztreonam (n(%79,9) vs. n(%93,8), p:0,000) ve kolistin (n(%1,7) vs. n(%14,3), p:0,000) dirençlerinin, A. baumannii izolatlarında ise amikasin (n(%78,3) vs. n(%87,1), p:0,000) ve kolistin (n(%0,8) vs. n(%11,2), p:0,000) dirençlerinin geç peryotta anlamlı olarak arttığı belirlenmiştir. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia izolatlarında trimetoprim-sulfametaksazol direnci saptanmamıştır. Sonuç: Antibiyotiklerin yoğun ve kontrolsüz kullanımı dirençli suşların sayısını ve dağılımını arttırmaktadır. Bu nedenle YBÜ başta olmak üzere hastanelerde NFB'lerin dağılım özellikleri ve ilaç direnç oranları hakkındaki bilgileri kavramak, antibiyotiklerin doğru ve etkin kullanımının yanı sıra ilaç direnç oranlarının da azaltılabilmesi için oldukça önemlidir.
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