This study investigates the cointegration and causality among environmental quality (CO2 emissions), international trade, economic growth, and tourism of five Central Asian Republic States (CARS-5), namely Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Uzbekistan, for 1992–2018. To this end, we employed the Johansen cointegration approach, modified Wald tests, and the Toda & Yamamoto (1995) approach. The empirical results showed that the variables were cointegrated in the long run, and the Granger causality test results revealed the existence of causality in the series. Furthermore, the empirical results validated both the export-led and the tourism-led growth hypotheses for Tajikistan and Kazakhstan. These findings suggest that the CARS-5 should develop appropriate and prudent public policies to stimulate sustainable economic development.

A unique design for an optimized N-bit multiplier is proposed and implemented which utilizes a modified divide-andconquer technique. The conventional technique requires four N/2-bit multipliers to perform N-bit multiplication, whereas the proposed design uses only one multiplier module in hardware to perform the functionality of four modules. It uses Dadda algorithm in its multiplier module. It has been implemented using Verilog HDL, and a good accuracy of results was observed in simulations which effectively verify its functionality. Design was also synthesized on various FPGAs including Spartan 3E, Virtex-5 and Virtex-7. Performance summary, after place and route, showed that the proposed approach significantly reduces hardware utilization. Furthermore, the proposed design is almost 75% more efficient in terms of resources utilization and operating frequency as compared to the conventional design.

No abstract

No abstract

Allah the mighty in power and mercy who sent Messengers and prophets in order to call and guide mankind to the right path, Prophets and Messengers were sent to different generations and nations except Muhammad (saw) who was sent to all mankind including Jins, they have different laws but the main point is the same i.e calling to oneness of Allah. Although their laws were different, there are certain similarities that do exist. Due to the fact that they were similar. The research work is aim to highlight the similarities that exist between some verses of the Glorious Quran and the Holy Bible in some aspects. However the study addressed the following problems; Religious followers assumed that laws concerning some aspects did not exist, mentioned or addressed in the both scriptures. For instance, laws concerning economic wellbeing i.e. corruption, usury, justice, alcoholism and fraud e.t.c. were not in both scriptures, therefore the study explained that all the laws were in existence and addressed in both scriptures and also enlighten the followers on how similar the books are in various aspect of life. The researcher used various methods in collecting relevant data partaining the subject under study. This includes primary data which includes interview of the scholars and gathering authentic information from the historians and secondary data which also includes the Glorious Quran, the Holy Bible, text books and articles. The study addressed the misperceptions that exist in the mind of some of the followers of the religions which make them to see that the scriptures have no any similarities in their laws as well as some acts were only permissible or prohibited in holy bible or glorious Qur’an. The study also found out that followers of both the scriptures that is; Islam and Christianity have common verses with regards to the teachings, laws and have similar injunctions. Thus recreate unity and good understanding among the followers of both the religions besides, misunderstandings of the scriptures will be addressed.