Background Thalassemia is a chronic disease that is becoming a

A ir susu ibu (ASI) sangat diperlukan selama masa pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi.1 Selain mengandung zat nutrisi yang dibutuhkan, ASI juga meningkatkan daya tahan dan mengandung anti bakteri dan anti virus yang melindungi bayi terhadap infeksi. 2,3 Dalam laporan WHO disebutkan bahwa hampir 90% kematian balita terjadi di negara berkembang dan lebih dari 40% kematian disebabkan diare dan infeksi saluran pernapasan akut, yang dapat dicegah dengan ASI eksklusif. 2,4Tahapan sekresi ASI diawali dengan pengeluaran kolostrum pada saat lahir, ASI transisi pada sepuluh hari pertama sampai dua minggu setelah lahir dan berikutnya adalah ASI matang. Kandungan dari setiap tahapan berguna untuk bayi baru lahir, terutama upaya adaptasi fisiologis terhadap kehidupan di luar kandungan. Semakin matang ASI, konsentrasi imunoglobulin, total protein dan vitamin yang larut di dalam lemak menurun, sedangkan laktosa, lemak, kalori, dan vitamin yang larut dalam air meningkat. 5Pembentukan sistem imun pada manusia dimulai sejak embrio dilanjutkan selama masa fetus dan sempurna dalam beberapa tahun setelah lahir. Fetus tumbuh dalam suatu lingkungan sangat terlindung, bebas kuman, dan kurang berpengalaman terhadap zat antigenik. 6 Air susu ibu merupakan suatu cairan kompleks dengan sejumlah besar protein, sel, dan komponen lainnya. Pengetahuan tentang dampak menyusui pada bayi terus meningkat, termasuk dampak langsung dan tidak langsung pada sistem imun. Pengaruh imunologis berhubungan dengan kenyataan bahwa ASI kaya dengan berbagai faktor aktif khususnya antibodi. Sekretori IgA (sIgA) melindungi membran mukosa

Background Bacterial sepsis is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment for the condition can reduce mortality rates. Blood cultures are the gold standard to diagnose bacterial sepsis, but they require 3-5 days for results, whilst the disease may progress rapidly in neonates. Examination of immature-to-total neutrophil ratio (I/T ratio) in peripheral blood smears is a quicker and less expensive method to diagnose bacterial sepsis in neonates. Some studies found the sensitivity of I/T ratio to be 88%-90% in predicting bacterial spesis.Objective To assess the usefulness of the I/T ratio as an early diagnostic tool for neonatal bacterial sepsis.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March 2011. Subjects were collected by consecutive sampling. Fifty-three neonates suspected to have bacterial sepsis in the Perinatology Unit at H. Adam Malik Hospital were included. Subjects underwent routine blood examinations, C-reactive protein level measurements, blood cultures, and peripheral blood smears. All statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS (version 16.0 for Windows).Results Of the 53 subjects, 26 had bacterial sepsis based on blood cultures. The I/T ratio had a sensitivity of 88.46%, specificity 81.84%, positive predictive value 82.14%, and negative predictive value 88%. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed a cut-off point of 83.3 (95%CI 71.3 to 95.3)%.Conclusion The I/T ratio may be a good alternative to blood cultures as an early indicator of bacterial neonatal sepsis, as it is faster, less expensive and has good sensitivity and specificity.

Anemia defisiensi besi (ADB) merupakan jenis anemia yang paling sering ditemukan di dunia, terutama di negara yang sedang berkembang. Hal ini sehubungan dengan kemampuan ekonomi yang terbatas, masukan protein hewani yang rendah, dan infestasi parasit. Dari hasil survei rumah tangga di Indonesia pada tahun 1995 didapati ADB 40,5% pada anak balita dan 47,2% pada anak usia sekolah. Defisiensi besi dapat menyebabkan gangguan terhadap respon imun sehingga rentan terhadap infeksi, gangguan gastrointestinal, gangguan fungsi kognitif, tumbuh kembang, dan perubahan tingkah laku. Diagnosis ditegakkan berdasarkan gejala pucat menahun tanpa disertai perdarahan maupun pembesaran organ dan dipastikan dengan pemeriksaan kadar besi dalam serum. Terapi besi dengan dosis 3-6 mg besi elemental/kgBB/hari diberikan kepada semua pasien ADB dengan monitor kenaikan kadar hemoglobin setelah 2-4 minggu. Terapi dilanjutkan 4-6 bulan setelah kadar hemoglobin mencapai normal untuk menambah isi cadangan besi, dan terapi terhadap penyakit dasarnya harus diberikan. Suplementasi besi harus diberikan pada bayi yang mempunyai risiko tinggi terhadap kejadian ADB seperti bayi berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR), prematur, bayi yang mendapat susu formula rendah besi, dan bayi lahir dari ibu yang menderita anemia selama kehamilan

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Background Cancer treatment in children influences the quality of life of patients and their families. The Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL) inventory is a questionnaire to assess quality of life of the healthy and ill children. Objective To compare quality of life in children with cancer and their normal siblings, and to compare quality of life in those with hematologic malignancies to those with solid tumors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 5-to-18- year-olds at the Hematology-Oncology Division at Haji Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, North Sumatera, from May to July 2012. The case group (subjects with cancer) filled the PedsQL 3.0 and 4.0 questionnaires, while the control group (normal siblings) filled only the PedsQL 4.0 questionnaire. Independent T-test was used to compare the quality of life between children with cancer and their normal siblings. Results There were 46 children in each group. The PedsQL 4.0 results in children with cancer and their normal siblings, and PedsQL 3.0 between hematology malignant and solid cancer were as follows: physical function 36.9 vs. 80.7, respectively (95%CI of differences -52.639 to -34.990; P= 0.0001), emotional function 40.4 vs. 69.3, respectively (95%CI of differences -35.912 to -21.914; P=0.0001), social function 71.5 vs. 93.9, respectively (95%CI of differences - 29.238 to -15.587; P=0.0001), school function 20.7 vs. 74.2, respectively (95%CI of differences - 62.124 to -44.832; P=0.0001), and total score 42.1 vs. 79.3, respectively (95%CI of differences - 43.066 to -31.344; P=0.0001). School function was the most affected parameter in children with cancer compared to their normal siblings. Conclusion There is a significant difference in quality of life between children with cancer and their normal siblings, for all four parameters examined by the PedsQL inventory. However, there are no significant differences in quality of life between children with hematologic malignancy and those with solid cancer.

Latar belakang. Sepsis neonatus sebagai suatu sindrom klinis yang terjadi dalam satu bulan pertama kehidupan bermanifestasi sistemik dan dijumpai bakterimia. Insidens sepsis bervariasi dengan gejala klinis tidak khas dan progresivitas gejala dapat terjadi dalam 24 jam. Sepsis pada neonatus mempunyai tingkat mortalitas tinggi.Tujuan. Mengetahui profil dan mortalitas sepsis neonatus di Unit Perawatan Neonatus RSUP.H Adam Malik MedanMetode. Suatu penelitian deskriptif data rekam medis pasien sepsis neonatus di unit perawatan neonatas RSUP. Adam Malik Medan, sejak Januari 2008 sampai Desember 2010. Data pasien dilakukan pemeriksaan darah lengkap, C-reactive protein (CRP),dan kultur darah, serta antibiotik empiris. Pasien dengan data tidak lengkap dan menderita kelainan bawaan serius dieksklusi. Sampel dikelompokkan dua kelompok yaitu bayi pulang hidup dan meninggal.Hasil. Didapat 239 bayi diduga sepsis, di antaranya 158 terbukti sepsis, 103 dieksklusi (69 kelainan kongenital dan 34 data tidak lengkap). Pasien yang diikutsertakan 55 bayi yaitu 44 hidup dan 11 meninggal. Sepsis neonatus pada laki-laki lebih banyak dari perempuan, tetapi perempuan lebih banyak yang meninggal. Kepekaan kuman yang tinggi terhadap satu atau kedua antibiotik empiris terdapat pada 13 sepsis neonatus. Terbanyak meninggal sepsis neonatus dengan berat lahir rendah, prematur, kuman yang resisten terhadap kedua jenis antibiotik empiris, Gram negatif, dan jenis kuman Enterobacter sp.Jenis kuman yang paling banyak dijumpai adalah Staphylococcus sp.Kesimpulan. Sepsis salah satu penyebab utama kematian neonatus yang dipengaruhi oleh berat lahir rendah, prematuritas, resistensi kuman terhadap antibiotik empirik dan jenis kuman. Penyebab sepsis neonatus terbanyak adalah kuman Gram negatif yang berkontribusi terhadap angka mortalitas

Background Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting are some of the most disturbing side effects in pediatric cancer patients. The standard recommendation is the use of 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor antagonist, such as ondansetron, to treat these symptoms. Despite this treatment, more than 50% of patients still experience nausea and vomiting.Objective To evaluate the effect of the addition of omeprazole to ondansetron in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.Methods A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted at Haji Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, North Sumatera, from March to May 2016. Subjects were children aged 1 to 18 years, diagnosed with cancer, and who received intravenous chemotherapy. Patients were randomized to receive either a single dose of ondansetron (0.5 mg/kg) plus placebo or ondansetron (0.5 mg/kg) plus omeprazole (0.5 mg/kg). The severity of nausea and vomiting were measured using the Rhodes index of nausea, vomiting, and retching during the 24 hours after initiation of emetogenic chemotherapy. The primary outcome of efficacy was the proportion of patients who achieved complete response (lack of nausea/vomiting). Statistical analysis was performed by Chi-square and Fischer’s exact tests.Results Seventy eligible pediatric patients were randomized into two groups: 32 subjects in the ondansetron + placebo group and 38 others in the ondansetron + omeprazole group. The therapy failed in 50% (16/32) of the ondansetron + placebo group and 18.4% (7/38) of the ondansetron + omeprazole group. There was a significant difference in the clinical response between groups (P=0.01).Conclusion The addition of omeprazole to ondansetron for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting is more effective than administration of ondansetron alone.