In the last decade, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown great prospective as new drug delivery systems (DDSs) due to their unique properties: these materials exhibit fascinating architectures, surfaces, composition, and a rich chemistry of these compounds. The DSSs allow the release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient to accomplish a desired therapeutic response. Over the past few decades, there has been exponential growth of many new classes of coordination polymers, and MOFs have gained popularity over other identified systems due to their higher biocompatibility and versatile loading capabilities. This review presents and assesses the most recent research, findings, and challenges associated with the use of MOFs as DDSs. Among the most commonly used MOFs for investigated-purpose MOFs, coordination polymers and metal complexes based on synthetic and natural polymers, are well known. Specific attention is given to the stimuli- and multistimuli-responsive MOFs-based DDSs. Of great interest in the COVID-19 pandemic is the use of MOFs for combination therapy and multimodal systems.

Due to the large amount of industrial activity during the last century, heavy metal contamination of the environment has become a serious problem. Therefore, it is important to develop new and efficient methods of heavy metals removal from aqueous solutions. In this respect, three phosphonate metal organic frameworks were obtained in our labs by the reaction of divalent inorganic salt (CoSO4·7H2O), phosphonic acid [phosphonoacetic (CP), N,N-bis(phosphonomethyl)glycine (Gly) and vinylphosphonic (VP)] in hydrothermal conditions. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, X-Ray crystallography scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. These materials were used in the removal process of lead ions from aqueous solutions in order to determine the possibilities of their use as adsorbent materials. The effect of pH, lead initial concentrations and contact time upon the adsorption properties were investigated. From the experimental data it can be observed that the Co-Gly material developed a higher adsorption capacity for lead metal ions than the Co-VP and Co-CP, increasing following Co-CP<Co-VP<Co-Gly trend.

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A family of M-VP (M = Ni, Co, Cd, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb; VP = vinylphosphonate) and M-PVP (M = Co, Cd; PVP = phenylvinylphosphonate) materials have been synthesized by hydrothermal methods and characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Their structures were determined either by single crystal X-ray crystallography or from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data. The crystal structure of some M-VP and M-PVP materials is two-dimensional (2D) layered, with the organic groups (vinyl or phenylvinyl) protruding into the interlamellar space. However, the Pb-VP and Cu-VP materials show dramatically different structural features. The porous, three-dimensional (3D) structure of Pb-VP contains the Pb center in a pentagonal pyramid. A Cu-VP variant of the common 2D layered structure shows a very peculiar structure. The structure of the material is 2D with the layers based upon three crystallographically distinct Cu atoms; an octahedrally coordinated Cu(2+) atom, a square planar Cu(2+) atom and a Cu(+) atom. The latter has an unusual co-ordination environment as it is 3-coordinated to two oxygen atoms with the third bond across the double bond of the vinyl group. Metal-coordinated water loss was studied by TGA and thermodiffractometry. The rehydration of the anhydrous phases to give the initial phase takes place rapidly for Cd-PVP but it takes several days for Co-PVP. The M-VP materials exhibit variable dehydration-rehydration behavior, with most of them losing crystallinity during the process.

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A very intense study class of complex porous materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), composed of diverse central metallic ions attached to organic linkers, was used in this study as adsorbant materials from wastewaters. Phosphonate MOFs were prepared by the reaction of divalent inorganic salts (CoSO 4 Á7H 2 O, NiSO 4 Á6H 2 O, CuSO 4 Á5H 2 O,) with vinyl phosphonic acid in hydrothermal conditions, obtaining cobalt, nickel, and copper vinylphosphonate (CoVP, NiVP, and CuVP). During synthesis the experimental conditions were varied in terms of time, temperature, and pH. The synthesized materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The efficiency of MOFs as adsorbents was investigated for diverse initial dye concentrations at different pH values and at three temperatures (25, 40, and 55 C). The synthesized materials presented good efficiency in the elimination of anionic as well as cationic type of dyes from aqueous solutions. The highest adsorption capacities were obtained working at optimum solution pH 4.2 for Acid Orange 7 and 10 for Basic Fuchsine, using 1 g/L of MOFs at room temperature (25 C). The adsorption capacities increase in the following order: CuVP < NiVP < CoVP. K E Y W O R D S adsorption, dyes removal, phosphonate metal organic frameworks 1 | INTRODUCTION Industry is a huge source of water pollutants such as toxic materials, rare earth elements, and organic dyes, which are extremely harmful for people, animals, and the environment. [1-4] Worldwide, water pollution become a major environmental problem because of rapid industrialization and urbanization. [5] Pollutants from the leather, plastic, textile, paper, rubber, cosmetic, and food industries can harm environmental protection, living organisms, and global ecosystems if no suitable treatments are available. About 10-15% of commercial dyes formed from the textile industries are let out into the environment every year. [6,7] Organic dyes do not decompose readily under normal conditions because of their stable and complex chemical structures. Most of these dyes are toxic and carcinogenic. [6,8-10] Dyes are mostly stable to light, oxidizing agents, and heat, and are very soluble in water. [11] The direct release of colored wastewater into the environment disturbs its ecological status by causing numerous undesirable changes. [8,11] As regulation has become stricter, significant importance has been given to the treatment of dye-containing wastewaters. [5,12] Therefore, the