To examine the effects of α-chlorohydrin on testis and cauda epididymis in the male house rat (Rattus rattus), 24 adult male rats were segregated into two groups. Group I rats were force-fed daily by intragastric intubation with α-chlorohydrin at a single dose of 1.0 mg/100 g body weight/d for 5, 15, and 45 days. Another group was fed with distilled water, which served as the control. The treated male rats were paired with 24 adult proestrus female rats for 5 days after the last oral treatment and fertility was tested. At the end of the experiments, all of the male rats were weighed and killed by cervical dislocation. The right testes were removed, weighed, and processed for ultrastructural changes of spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis and testis under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The seminiferous tubular area, nuclear diameter of the Sertoli and Leydig cells, percentage of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa, and Sertoli cells in each group were compared morphometrically. Our results showed that the percentages of primary spermatocytes steadily increased from 5 to 15 days, but primary and secondary spermatocytes decreased significantly at 45 days. There was a steady decline in the percentages of spermatozoa and spermatids at all fixation intervals in the treated animals, but the percentages of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells increased significantly at 15 and 45 days. Seminiferous tubular areas, nuclear diameter of Leydig and Sertoli cells, and fertility rates were reduced after 45 days of treatment. SEM and TEM studies revealed severe morphological abnormalities in the spermatozoa, including deglutination of the acrosomal part, loss of head capsules, and fragmentation of tail fibrils. There was an enhanced anti-fertility effect and a lower number of implantation sites in the rats treated for 5 days. Our results validate α-chlorohydrin as a successful anti-fertility agent that prevents spermatogenesis.

In 2020-2021, 14 Blocks out of 19 Blocks in the Indian Sundarban regions studied fishing methods. According to our study, current socio-economic circumstances in Indian Sundarban regions show that their lifestyle is unsuitable for low family income. This is due to large annual disasters such as cyclones, storms, floods, and the water's salinity. A network of rivers and canals connects the Sundarban. The majority of the population is reliant on fishing activity, and in particular, the livelihood of the local people is supported by capture fisheries, which are in turn reliant on fishing activity. During the study, fishers' homes received knowledge about various crafts and equipment through monthly visits. Fishers have used indigenous fishing techniques and gear in the Indian Sundarban areas to capture fish, increasingly contributing to the local economy and overall fish output. During the research period, five different kinds of crafts and twelve different kinds of gear were found. The study reveals different indigenous fishing gears used in the locality, such as nets, traps, lines and hooks. To catch various fish of various sizes, fishers employ a variety of fishing gears, each with a distinct form and size. Most fishermen in the area collect unripe fruits velvet apple (Diospyros sp.) from the forest and boil them in large pots with sufficient water. Nets and other traps are dried in the sun after being polished with an extract. The purpose of this article is to document fishery-related technical knowledge, particularly traditional fishing techniques and gears utilised in the Indian Sundarban area.

In this study, methanolic extracts from fresh ripening noni fruits (NFs) (Morinda citrifolia) were analyzed using GC-MS, FTIR, and XRD methods. Comprehensive assessments were studied by proximate analysis (PA), higher heat value (HHV), bulk density (BD) and swelling index (SI). The qualitative analysis of the ripening NFs extracts in various solvents, including distilled water, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl formamide, and methanol, revealed positive results for starch, terpenoids, saponin, and cardiac glycosides. The percentages of volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon in PA are 78.799±0.592, 7.18±0.044 and 14.02±0.553, respectively. To use biomass as energy, PA is essential that burns in a gaseous state (volatile matter), solid-state (fixed carbon), and inorganic waste material (ash). It is important to consider the HHV of 17.185±0.103 MJ/kg when estimating the potential for energy recovery from the fruit's biomass. Compositional analysis (CA) was used to determine the percentages of the extractive contents (4.497±0.346), cellulose (33.114±0.261), lignin (9.569±0.399), and hemicellulose (17.89±0.608), all of which have substantial antibacterial properties. Our research looked at its BD (0.312±0.001g/cm3) and SI (1.535±0.022%), resulting in increased susceptibility of the biomass to microbial activity. FTIR and XRD reveal C-O, O-H, N-H, O=C=O, C-H, and O-H linkages with solid lattice spacing. It helps to determine how a substance will interact with biological tissue following implantation. However, no research documents were found in any literature about the oil from noni fruits for the purpose of external pain relief. Advice on using NFs oil for pain treatment comes from our field study of a woman who is 80 years old. In ripening NFs extract, GC-MS analysis identified 100 phytochemicals, including D-limonene, 3-carene, gamma-terpinene, methyl eugenol, caryophyllene, hentriacontane etc. GCMS and virtual screening-cum-molecular docking studies have been done and reported first time to check the documentation and look for caryophyllene that could be used for pain-relieving properties. These compounds have been shown to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, inflammation in the brain and oxidative stress-related effects. Our research confirms the bioactive potential of ripening NFs as an alternative medication source.

The amount and distribution of fat and overweight in the human body are critical when determining the risk for different illnesses. Different disorders have a close connection to abnormal fat distribution and overweight. Obesity develops when a person's weight is out of proportion to their body fat. As a result, obesity rates have lately risen in both West Bengal and India. Overeating, a sedentary lifestyle, and a lack of physical exercise are the most evident causes of obesity and overweight. Excess fat and overweight are produced as a consequence, putting people of West Bengal at greater risk for health problems. The study's goals are to understand better and record the prevalence of obesity and overweight in the West Bengal's population

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