Normal valve function depends upon the anatomic and mechanical integrity of the atrioventricular ring, the valve leaflets, the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. Papillary muscle rupture and dysfunction can lead to complications of prolapsed mitral valve and mitral regurgitation. Materials and Methods: The material for present study consisted of 50 formalin fixed adult apparently normal cadaveric hearts belonging to either sex obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Amritsar. These hearts were dissected to open the left ventricle and to expose the papillary muscles. Different morphological features of papillary muscles were noted and measurements were taken. Results: The anterolateral papillary muscle usually said to be single bellied was found so in majority of the hearts (86%) being double bellied in the rest of 14% hearts. However, the posteromedial papillary muscle usually said to be double bellied was found so only in 56% of the hearts, being 3 bellied in 20%, 4 bellied in 10% & single bellied in 14%. Negligible text is available about the number of heads of papillary muscles. It varied from 1-6 and 1-5 in anterolateral & posteromedial papillary muscles respectively which is another notable variation. Different shapes and pattern of papillary muscles have also been identified. An additional divison of study was measurement of lengths of papillary muscles which thus provides a base line data for further detailed studies based upon a larger data base. Conclusion: In this study, observations of more number of bellies of anterolateral papillary muscle and posteromedial papillary muscle instead of the only twos, are important and demand a modification in standard textbooks of anatomy. Notable variations of papillary muscles are important for scientists worldwide in order to ascertain the reason behind each specific architechtural arrangement. This will enable the cardio thoracic surgeons to tailor the surgical procedures according to the individual papillary muscle pattern.
The brachial plexus is a major and a complicated plexus at the root of the neck. It is formed by the ventral primary rami of the C5, C6, C7, C8 and the T1 spinal nerves. During the routine under graduate dissection of the right upper limb of an adult female cadaver, a variant pattern of a two trunked brachial plexus was encountered. The upper trunk was formed by the fusion of the C5 and the C6 roots. The C7 root, instead of continuing as the middle trunk, joined with the roots of C8 and T1 to form the lower trunk. On the left side, the usual pattern of the brachial plexus was seen. The knowledge on such variations are of interest to anatomists, clinicians, anesthesiologists and especially, to surgeons. These are of immense importance during surgical explorations of the axilla and the arm region and also during nerve blocks. It also helps the clinicians in getting a proper understanding of some previously unexplained clinical symptoms. Further, the ontogeny and the phylogeny of this entity have been discussed in detail.
Background: The median artery is a transitory vessel that represents the arterial axis of the forearm during early embryonic life. When present, it appears mainly as two types: antebrachial and palmar. Context and purpose of the study: In the present study the objective was to investigate the occurrence and fate of palmar type of median artery. The study was conducted on 40 cadaveric upper extremities dissected in the
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