No abstract

The present study demonstrated that defatted soybean flour (DSF) can sorb polyphenols from blueberry and cranberry juices while separating them from sugars. Depending on DSF concentration and juice dilution, the concentration of blueberry anthocyanins and total polyphenols sorbed to DSF ranged from 2 – 22 mg/g and 10 – 95 mg/g, respectively while the concentration of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in cranberry polyphenol-enriched DSF ranged from 2.5 – 17 mg/g and 21 – 101 mg/g, respectively. Blueberry polyphenols present in one serving of fresh blueberries (73g) were delivered in just 1.4 g of blueberry polyphenol-enriched DSF. Similarly, one gram of cranberry polyphenol-enriched DSF delivered the amount of proanthocyanidins available in three 240 ml servings of cranberry juice cocktail. The concentration of blueberry anthocyanins and total polyphenols eluted from DSF remained constant after 22 weeks of incubation at 37°C, demonstrating the high stability of the polyphenol-DSF matrix. LC-MS analysis of eluates confirmed DSF retained major cranberry and blueberry polyphenols remained intact. Blueberry polyphenol-enriched DSF exhibited significant hypoglycemic activities in C57bl/6J mice, and cranberry polyphenol-enriched DSF showed anti-microbial and anti-UTI activities in vitro, confirming its efficacy. The described sorption process provides a means to create protein-rich food ingredients containing concentrated plant bioactives without excess sugars, fats and water that can be incorporated in a variety of scientifically validated functional foods and dietary supplements.

No abstract

Cranberry pomace is a byproduct of cranberry processing and is comprised of seeds, skins and stems of the cranberry fruit. While cranberry pomace contains beneficial polyphenols, including proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins, it is not a palatable source of these compounds and is typically discarded. In this study, we have developed and optimized a method to extract polyphenols from cranberry pomace using aqueous ethanol, a food grade solvent. Biochemical characterization of the pomace extract showed the presence of a broad range of polyphenols also present in cranberry juice concentrate. By co-drying cranberry pomace extract with a protein-rich food matrix, such as soy protein isolate (SPI), we have developed a method to produce a cranberry polyphenol-SPI complex (CBP-SPI) containing 10% cranberry polyphenols. Unlike dried cranberry pomace extract alone, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins and total polyphenols were found to be highly stable at 37 °C in the CBP-SPI powder. The extraction and stabilization of cranberry pomace polyphenols using SPI provides an innovative approach for utilizing pomace in the development of novel food ingredients.

No abstract

Two DNA polymerases that can copy synthetic RNA polymers are present in human tissue culture cells. These enzymes which have each been purified about 500-fold, are present in both HeLa cells, which are derived from a cervical carcinoma, and in WI-38 cells, a normal diploid strain originating from human embryonic lung tissue. These synthetic RNA-dependent DNA polymerases are identified by their ability to copy efficiently the ribo strand of synthetic oligonucleotide-homopolymer complexes, and differ in this respect from the known DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in HeLa cells. The template requirements of these new DNA polymerases resemble that of the RNA-dependent DNA polymerases of the RNA tumor-viruses.Since the discovery by Temin and Mizutani (1) and Baltimore (2) of an enzyme that could use endogenous viral RNA as a template for the synthesis of DNA, several studies have been published concerning the characteristics of this new type of DNA polymerase.Initially this enzyme was found in a wide variety of oncogenic viruses containing RNA (3). For this reason it was thought that this type of DNA polymerizing activity was unique to the RNA tumor-viruses. However, different investigators claim to have shown the presence of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (JR-DNA polymerase) activity in several types of cells (4-8). None of these reports has clearly established the presence of this enzyme in normal eukaryotic cells, since the criteria used to determine the enzymatic activity are not readily accepted as unique for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases. As has been shown by Goodman and Spiegelman (9), the main difference between the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus and the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (D-DNA polymerase) triphosphates, dithiothreitol, and salmon-sperm DNA were obtained from Calbiochem. Whatman microgranular DEAEcellulose, DE52, 1.0 meq/g of dry weight, and phosphocellulose, P-11, 7.4 meq/g of dry weight were obtained from Reeve-Angel. Poly(rA), poly(dT), poly(rU), poly(dT) poly-(rA), and poly(rA) * poly(rU) were obtained from Miles Laboratories, Elkhart, Ind. The oligodeoxynucleotides (dT),2-8, and (dA)2-is were purchased from Collaborative Research, Waltham, Mass. The oligonucleotide (rU)29 was provided by Dr. S. Pestka (Roche Institute of Molecular Biology); it was prepared by treatment of poly(rU) with pork-liver nuclease (obtained from Dr. Leon Heppel) and subsequent chromatography on a Sephadex column. The average chain length of this oligonucleotide preparation, as determined by the ratio of terminal phosphate to total phosphate content, was 29. Oligodeoxynucleotides were annealed (10) to homopolymers at a proportion of three parts of oligodeoxynucleotide to seven parts by weight of homopolymer. Activated salmon-sperm DNA and activated HeLa DNA were prepared by treatment of the DNA with pancreatic DNase (11).Growth of Cells. HeLa S-3 cells were grown in suspension cultures at 37°C in F-13 medium (Gibco) supplemented with 5%/0 fetal-calf serum (Gibco), and were harvest...

Defatted soybean flour (DSF) can efficiently sorb, concentrate, and stabilize polyphenols, but not sugars, from Concord grape juice, to yield grape polyphenol-enriched DSF. Sorption of grape polyphenols to DSF particles was dependent on the ratio of DSF and grape juice concentrate used, but not time of mixing or pH. Depending on ratios of starting materials, 1 g of grape polyphenol-enriched DSF contained 1.6–10.4 mg of anthocyanins, 7.5–93.1 mg of proanthocyanidins, and 20.5–144.5 mg of total polyphenols. LC-MS analysis of grape juice samples before and after addition and removal of DSF and eluate from grape polyphenol-enriched DSF confirmed that a broad range of grape compounds were sorbed to the DSF matrix. Finally, grape polyphenol-enriched DSF was able to significantly lower blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic C57BL/6J mice. The data indicate that grape polyphenol-enriched DSF can provide a high-protein, low-sugar ingredient for delivery of concentrated grape polyphenolics.

No abstract