Objective: To investigate the macronutrient content of human milk during the first 28 days of lactation of mothers who delivered preterm infants, and to compare preterm to term milk. Methods: A prospective and longitudinal study of mothers at various stages of lactation was conducted in the Amiens-Picardie University Hospital (France). Fat, true protein, carbohydrate and energy contents were estimated in human milk collected from each participant. Results: Macronutrients in human milk were: fat (g/100 mL), 3.36±1.01; true protein (g/100 mL), 1.34±0.61; carbohydrate (g/ 100 mL), 7.23±0.68; energy (kcal/100 mL), 72.97±9.21 for extremely preterm human milk; fat (g/100 mL), 3.47±1.14; true protein (g/100 mL) 1.32±0.63; carbohydrate g/100 mL), 7.28±1.10; energy (kcal/100 mL), 76.18±12.84 for very preterm human milk; fat (g/100 mL), 3.48±0.87; true protein (g/100 mL), 1.26±0.46
BackgroundHuman are confronted on a daily basis with contaminant pesticide residues in food, water and other components of the environment. Although the digestive system is the first organ to come into contact with food contaminants, very few data are available on the impact of low-dose pesticide exposure during the in utero and postnatal periods on intestinal bacterial translocation (BT). Previous studies have revealed that chlorpyrifos (CPF) exposure is associated with intestinal dysbiosis and the contamination of sterile organs. Here, molecular typing was used to investigate intestinal bacterial translocation in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos in utero and during lactation. The translocated bacteria were profiled, and CPF tolerance and antibiotic resistance traits were determined.MethodsA total of 72 intestinal segments and extra-intestinal organs were obtained from 14 CPF-exposed rats. The samples were cultured to isolate bacterial strains that had tolerated treatment with 1 or 5 mg CPF/kg bodyweight/day in vivo. Strains were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) Biotyper. The disk diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility. The isolates were genotyped with PCR assays for the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence and random amplification polymorphic DNA.ResultsBacterial translocation was confirmed for 7 of the 31 strains (22.6 %) isolated from extra-intestinal sites. Overall, the most prevalent bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (55.5 % of the 72 intestinal and extra-intestinal isolates), Enterococcus faecalis (27.7 %) and Bacillus cereus (9.8 %). 5 % of the S. aureus isolates displayed methicillin resistance. Seventy two strains were identified phenotypically, and seven translocated strains (mainly S. aureus) were identified by genotyping. Genotypically confirmed translocation was mainly observed found in pesticide-exposed groups (6 out of 7).ConclusionBT from the intestinal tract colonized normally sterile extra-intestinal organs in CPF-exposed rats. Our findings validate the use of molecular typing for the assessment of intestinal BT in CPF-exposed rats during critical periods of development.
Background One hundred fifty-seven preterm infants enrolled in the study were hospitalized between 2012-2014 at Amiens-Picardie University Hospital.Only 28 (17.8%) of these children who had experienced at least one episode of secondary Coagulase-negative Staphylococcal bacteremia with concomitant positive stool cultures were included in this study.The purpose of this study was to assess the rate of intestinal bacterial translocation associated with these infections. Methods Blood cultures and stool cultures were performed in the context of this study. All isolates of Staphylococcus spp were examined by MALDI-TOF MS. Antibiotic susceptibility and genotyping were also performed. Results Sixteen resistance patterns were identified from blood and stool based on antibiotic susceptibility testing. Ten of the Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains isolated from blood samples exhibited R pattern e (35.7%) and eleven of the Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains isolated from stool samples exhibited R pattern e (39.2%). Blood culture results were concordant with stool culture results in 53.5% of cases and discordant in 46.5% of cases.Fifteen isolates exhibited three ERIC-2 (A, B, C) and three RAPD-PCR (D, E, F) patterns. ERIC-2 patterns comprised A ( S. epidermidis isolates); B ( S. haemolyticus isolates) and C ( unidentified Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates). RAPD patterns consisted of D ( unidentified Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates), E ( S. haemolyticus isolates), and F ( S. epidermidis isolates). Conclusion Bacterial translocation from the intestinal tract was likely source of Coagulase-negative Staphylococcal bacteremia in hospitalized preterm infants.
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