The storage of electric energy is of ever growing importance for our modern, technology-based society, and novel battery systems are in the focus of research. The substitution of conventional metals as redox-active material by organic materials offers a promising alternative for the next generation of rechargeable batteries since these organic batteries are excelling in charging speed and cycling stability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these systems and discusses the numerous classes of organic, polymer-based active materials as well as auxiliary components of the battery, like additives or electrolytes. Moreover, a definition of important cell characteristics and an introduction to selected characterization techniques is provided, completed by the discussion of potential socio-economic impacts.
The application of organic carbonyl compounds as high performance electrode materials in secondary batteries enables access to metal‐free, low‐cost, environmental friendly, flexible, and functional rechargeable energy storage systems. Organic compounds have so far not received much attention as potential active materials in batteries, mainly because of the success of inorganic materials in both research and commercial applications. However, new requirements in secondary batteries such as flexibility accompanied with low production costs and environmental friendliness, in particular for portable devices, reach the limit of inorganic electrode materials. Organic carbonyl compounds represent the most promising materials to satisfy these needs. Here, recent efforts of the research in the field of organic carbonyl materials for secondary batteries are summarized, and the working principle and the structural design of different groups of carbonyl material is presented. Finally, the influence of conductive additives and binders on the cell performance is closely evaluated for each class of materials.
An amphiphilic Ru-containing block copolymer is used as a photoactivated polymetallodrug for anticancer phototherapy. The block copolymer self-assembles into nanoparticles, which can accumulate at tumor sites in a mouse model. Red light irradiation of the block copolymer nanoparticles releases anticancer Ru complexes and generates cytotoxic O , both of which can inhibit tumor growth.
A novel redox-active polymer based on a 9,10-di(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroanthracene (exTTF) system in combination with a conjugated backbone was synthesized via rhodium (Rh)-catalyzed polymerization of 2-ethynyl(exTTF), leading to polymers with low polydispersities. Composite electrodes containing this polymer exhibited chemically reversible two-electron oxidation in aqueous media. The application of these electrodes as active cathode materials in hybrid zinc-organic batteries using an aqueous electrolyte enabled the production of air-stable charge storage systems with a theoretical capacity of 133 mAh g − 1. These batteries featured high performance, charge/discharge rates of up to 120 C (30 s) and an ultra-long lifetime, of over 10 000 charge/discharge cycles (accompanied by a minor capacity loss of 14%). Finally, the polymer was compared with its nonconjugated derivative, revealing the positive influence of the conjugated backbone on the material activity owing to improved electron transfer within the polymer chain.
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