a b s t r a c t HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,6,6,7, and 1,3,4,4,2,3, are found in reclaimed municipal wastewater. They may accumulate in soils receiving long-term application of reclaimed water thus adversely impact the soil biota. We evaluated the extent of their accumulation in receiving soils using HYDRUS-1D based on reclaimed municipal wastewater irrigation data at a public park in Beijing. The potential for ecological harms were assessed according to tested and reported outcomes of acute toxicity tests using wheat (Triticum aetivum L), earthworm (Eisenia fetida) and springtail (Bourletiella hortensis) as target organisms. Results of comparison among EC 50 values from wheat, earthworm and springtail showed the EC 50 value for root elongation inhibition of wheat germination was the least. Based on the least EC 50 , predicted no effect concentration in soils were 290 and 320 ng /g for HHCB and ATHN, respectively. Comparable results from simulation to experimental and field investigating date validated the using of HYDRUS-1D in the work. Results of risk prediction showed it would take 243 and 666 years for HHCB and AHTN accumulated in soils at current irrigation practice to reach the levels for the resulting risk characterization ratios (RCRs) to cause potential ecosystem harms.
Classical programs for environmental monitoring have been supplemented by bioindication measures for a number of years. Investigations on living organisms or their remains (e. g. peat) are frequently used to indicate the environmental situation in either qualitative (bioindication) or quantitative (biomonitoring) terms. This provides pieces of information on
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