A B S T R A C TPatients with gastrointestinal cancer and malnutrition are less likely to tolerate major surgical procedures, radiotherapy or chemotherapy.In general, they display a higher incidence of complications such as infection, dehiscence and sepsis, which increases the length of stay and risk of death, and reduces quality of life. The aim of this review is to discuss the pros and cons of different points of view to assess nutritional risk in patients with gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tumors and their viability, considering the current understanding and screening approaches in the field. A better combination of anthropometric, laboratory and subjective evaluations is needed in patients with GIT cancer, since malnutrition in these patients is usually much more severe than in those patients with tumors at sites other than the GIT. Therefore, in the daily practice of oncology, the definition of an appreciable and simple to apply nutritional assessment tool is necessary to identify nutritional risk patients and thus determine the best approach and appropriate nutritional support 8 . The objective of this review is to present an overview of the methods and tools used to determine nutritional risk, considering the pros and cons when applied to patients with GIT cancer. METHODSWe systematically identified studies on nutritional status of patients with GIT cancer through the PubMed and MEDLINE databases. We researched articles published in the last ten years by combining the terms "nutritional assessment", "GI cancer", "gastrointestinal tract", "gastric cancer", "oesophageal cancer" and "pancreatic cancer". We considered for evaluation only complete articles with those terms in English or Portuguese. We identified additional articles from citations in the articles evaluated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION General review of nutritional assessmentIt was in the 1950s that authors first published research related to nutritional assessment procedures. Subjective methodsIn 1980, Detsky et al. described the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) used to assess preoperative patients with GIT tumors (n = 202) undergoing major surgical procedures; They have shown that SGA could be easily applied and considered it a valid and reliable method to estimate the surgical patients' nutritional status 12 .Other authors have published several articles supporting the SGA in determining nutritional status, which differed from other methods in considering not only changes in body composition, but also functional changes. In addition, SGA is a simple, inexpensive, non-invasive method and can be performed at bedside.Correct guidance on the SGA application is essential, since its accuracy depends on the observer's ability to detect subjectively significant nutritional changes 8,13,14 .Subsequently, the SGA has undergone modi- Wu et al. had higher incidence of complications and longer hospital stay the worse the level of SGA in patients undergoing major procedures for GIT cancer (mainly gastric) 18 . These results were also supported by our series o...
INTRODUÇÃODescrito em 1769 pela primeira vez pelo cirurgião inglês Ludlow19 e posteriormente pelos patologistas alemães Zenker e von Ziemssen 30 , o divertículo faringoesofágico -consagrado como divertículo de Zenker (DZ) -, é na realidade pseudodivertículo, uma vez que consiste apenas das camadas mucosa e submucosa da parede posterior da hipofaringe. Origina-se a partir do músculo constritor inferior da faringe, entre as fibras do constritor faríngeo posterior e o músculo cricofaríngeo (esfíncter esofágico superior).A incidência desta doença aumenta com a idade, sendo predominantemente encontrada em homens com mais de 60 anos. Inicialmente o divertículo determina abaulamento progressivo na região posterior do esôfago, tornando-se perpendicular a ele. Com a entrada de alimentos e o aumento de pressão, o divertículo vai adquirindo posição vertical até atingir posição paralela ao esôfago. Clinicamente, manifesta-se principalmente por disfagia, regurgitação de alimentos não digeridos, murmúrios no pescoço após alimentação, halitose e emagrecimento. Sintomas compressivos e complicações respiratórias ocasionais, como broncoaspiração e pneumonia, podem ocorrer. Como o principal sintoma é disfagia e o acometimento é predominante em pacientes com mais de 60 anos, outras afecções esofágicas devem ser investigadas no diagnóstico diferencial: neoplasias, hérnia hiatal, megaesôfago, estenose esofágica péptica ou química e doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. O exame contrastado da faringe-esôfago-estômago é o principal método diagnóstico. A endoscopia digestiva alta e a manometria auxiliam no diagnóstico diferencial, porém esses exames devem ser realizados com cautela para evitar perfuração do esôfago 10 . Dois fatores parecem ser essenciais na sua patogênese: o aumento da pressão na hipofaringe durante a deglutição e a diminuição da resistência da sua parede posterior ao nível do triângulo de Killian 10 . Controvérsias persistem sobre a importância de cada um destes fatores na formação do DZ. Cook et al. 5 , através de estudo videofluoroscópico e manométrico simultâneos, avaliaram a fisiopatologia da obstrução ao fluxo dos alimentos durante a deglutição. Os autores concluíram que o DZ é desordem relacionada à diminuição da abertura do esfíncter esofágico superior (EES), a qual não seria causada por incoordenação motora anos. Sintomas pré-operatórios principais: disfagia (91%) e regurgitação (46%). Todos foram investigados com estudo radiográfico contrastado de faringe-esôfago-estômago e 58% dos casos com endoscopia digestiva alta. Não houve diferença significativa entre os Grupos 1 e 2 em relação ao tempo operatório (96 x 99 min), tempo de internação (5,5 x 5 dias), início da alimentação via oral (7,5 x 4 dias), ocorrência de fístulas esôfago-cutâneas (35 x 22%), recidiva da disfagia (6 x 11%), complicações pós-operatórias em geral (41 x 33%) e tempo de seguimento (7,5 x 9 meses). A mortalidade foi nula. Conclusão -O tratamento cirúrgico do divertículo de Zenker é método terapêutico relativamente seguro, com morbidade aceitá...
Objective: to generate a translated and validated version of the Clavien-Dindo Classification of Surgical Complications (CDC) to Brazilian Portuguese (CDC-BR). Methods: the process of translation and adaptation followed the guideline of Beaton et al., 2000. We divided 76 participating surgeons, in different levels of experience, from the Department Surgery of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, into two groups: Group I applied the original version (CDC, n=36);r Group II used the modified version (CDC-BR, n=40). Each group classified 15 clinical cases of surgical complications. We compared performance between the groups (Mann-Whitney test) relating to the level of experience of the surgeon (Kruskal-Wallis test), considering p value <0.05 as significant. Results: the performance of the Group II (CDC-BR) was higher, with 85% accuracy, compared with 79% of Group I (CDC), p-value =0.012. The performance of the groups as for surgeons experience displayed p=0.171 for Group I, p=0.528 for Group II, and p=0.135 for overall performance. Conclusion: we produced a translated and validated version of the CDC for Brazilian Portuguese. The instrument will be a useful tool in the production of evidence on surgical outcomes.
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