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Lycium barbarum possesses many bioactivities such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities. In the present study, the MeOH extract (1 mg/mL) prepared from the leaves of L. barbarum cultivated in Turkey exerted significant anti-inflammatory activity via reducing the release of nitric oxide (NO) in LPSstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages comparable to positive control indomethacin. Then, the extract was partitioned against CH2Cl2 and EtOAc to yield CH2Cl2, EtOAc and H2O subextracts which were also submitted to the same tests. Among the tested extracts, EtOAc (0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL), and CH2Cl2 (0.25 mg/mL) subextracts showed significant NO production inhibitory activities. The tested extracts also inhibited the production of PGE2 slightly. Successive chromatographic studies on the EtOAc subextract led to the isolation of three secondary metabolites, including chlorogenic acid, hesperidin and rutin as the potential bioactive compounds that are responsible for the in vitro antiinflammatory activity of the EtOAc subextract. The structures were elucidated based on 1D and 2D NMR spectra. Although chlorogenic acid and rutin were previously reported from leaves of L. barbarum, this is the first report of hesperidin from L. barbarum to the best of our knowledge.

In this study, microemulsions containing etofenamate were prepared and evaluated as dermal delivery carriers. The developed microemulsions consist of oleic acid, Span 80, Tween 20, Cremophor EL, Transcutol and ethanol. The percentage of etofenamate loading in the microemulsions was 5% (w/w). The characterization of formulations included droplet size, zeta potential, pH, conductivity, PDI, refractive index and viscosity. Moreover, ex vivo penetration study was carried out using mice abdominal skin. The developed formulations were analyzed for their cytotoxicity via MTT assay and tested for their anti-inflammatory properties opposed to LPS-stimulated nitrite prοduction in RAW 264.7 cells. As ideal formulation, M2 ETF, was chosen due to its greater permeation, lower penetration as well as higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to other microemulsions.