Background Gender-based discrimination remains a substantial barrier to health care access and HIV prevention among transgender women in Brazil. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between gender-based discrimination and medical visits, as well as with HIV testing among transgender women in the last 12 months in northeast Brazil. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of 864 transgender women recruited using Respondent-Driven Sampling in three cities in northeastern Brazil in 2016. A socio-behavioral questionnaire was applied. Multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression, with odds ratio and respective 95% confidence intervals estimation, to estimate the effect of gender-based discrimination on two outcomes: i) medical visits and ii) HIV testing in the last 12 months. Results 547 transgender women (67·0%) had medical visits, and 385 (45·8%) underwent HIV testing in the last 12 months. In the multivariate analysis, gender-based discrimination was associated with a reduced likelihood of medical visits (OR: 0·29; 95%CI: 0·14–0·63) and HIV testing (OR: 0·41; 95%CI: 0·22–0·78) in the last 12 months. Conclusion Gender-based discrimination played an essential role in reducing the access of TGW to medical visits and HIV testing services. Furthermore, by confirming the association between gender-based discrimination and medical visits and HIV testing in the multivariate analysis, we have demonstrated how this predictive variable can affect by reducing access to health services. The findings point to the need for non-discriminatory policies based on the defense and promotion of human rights that may foster the access of transgender women to Brazilian health services.

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Background We aimed to investigate awareness and intention to use event-driven (ED-PrEP) and long-acting injectable pre-exposure prophylaxis (LAI-PrEP) and associated factors among adolescents and young men who have sex with men (AYMSM) and young transgender women (AYTGW). Methods A cross-sectional study with this population aged 15–20 years from the PrEP1519 project, a cohort study on daily oral PrEP in Brazil. The outcome variables were the intention to use ED-PrEP and LAI-PrEP. Adjusted odds ratios were estimated using binomial logistic regression. Results Only 15·3% and 18·0% of the adolescents were aware of the ED-PrEP and LAI-PrEP options, respectively, with 56·4% reporting intention to use ED-PrEP and 81·5% intention to use LAI-PrEP. Adolescents with low adherence to daily oral PrEP were more likely to intend to use ED-PrEP; however, those who reported always/oftently using condoms in insertive anal sex with steady or casual partners were less likely to intend to use ED-PrEP. As for LAI-PrEP, those reporting middle or low socioeconomic status and three or more casual partners in the previous three months were more likely to intend to use LAI-PrEP. Adolescents who never used daily oral PrEP were less likely to intend to use LAI-PrEP. Conclusions AYMSM and AYTGW in Brazil expressed a greater intention to use LAI PrEP over ED-PrEP, and their sexual behavior pattern strongly influenced their choice of the method. These prevention products mean that there are additional options. Improving choice can potentially increase PrEP uptake and use.

Resumo Este estudo visa descrever o uso de medicamentos prescritos e não prescritos e fatores associados entre adolescentes residentes em comunidades rurais, quilombolas e não quilombolas, do interior da Bahia, Brasil. Trata-se de um inquérito populacional com 390 adolescentes entre 10 e 19 anos de idade, realizado em 2015. Foram estimadas prevalências e odds ratio para uso de medicamentos prescritos e não prescritos, e análise múltipla foi conduzida por Regressão Logística Multinomial. Entre os entrevistados, 13,6% fez uso apenas de medicamentos prescritos e 14,4% fez uso apenas de medicamentos não prescritos. Os quilombolas demonstraram uma maior diversidade de especialidades farmacêuticas utilizadas. A baixa prevalência no uso de medicamentos nos dois grupos de adolescentes sugere um menor acesso a esses produtos. Apesar disso, observou-se a utilização irracional de medicamentos, principalmente como automedicação. Os adolescentes quilombolas, mesmo dentro da área de abrangência das outras comunidades, apresentaram diferentes fatores associados quando comparado ao grupo não quilombola: a presença de dor de dente nos últimos 6 meses e procurar o mesmo serviço de saúde aumentaram o uso de medicamentos prescritos.

Background The HIV epidemic still high among key-populations in Brazil, especially among transgender women (TGW). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HIV infection among TGW and to analyze factors associated with HIV seropositivity across two cross-sectional surveys conducted in Salvador, Bahia, one of the largest urban centers of Brazil. Methods The studies were conducted between 2014 and 2016 and 2016-2017 and employed Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) sampling, comprising 127 and 161 TGW residents of Salvador, Bahia. The outcome was the positive rapid antigen testing for HIV infection. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were obtained using binomial logistic regression. Results The HIV prevalence was 9.0% (95%CI: 4.2-18.2) and 24.3% (95%CI: 16.2-34.9). In the first study, factors associated with HIV prevalence were experiencing discrimination by the family (OR 8.22; 95%CI: 1.49-45.48) and by neighbors (OR 6.55; 95%CI: 1.12-38.14) as well as having syphilis (OR 6.56; 95%CI:1.11-38.65); in the subsequent study gender-based discrimination (OR 8.65; 95%CI:1.45-51.59) and having syphilis (OR 3.13; 95%CI: 1.45-51.59) were associated with testing positive for HIV. Conclusion We found disproportionately high HIV prevalence among TGW, which underscores the context of vulnerability for this population. The data point to the urgency for intensification and expansion of access to HIV prevention and strategies to stop discrimination in health care and services for this population.