Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier, José Juan Robles-Pérez, Ketty Herrera-Mendoza, Beliña Herrera-Tapias, and Jesús Fernández-Lucas. Psychophysiological response and fine motor skills in high-altitude parachute jumps. High Alt Med Biol 18:392-399, 2017.-We analyzed the psychophysiological response and specific fine motor skill of an experienced jumper in HALO (high altitude low opening) and HAHO (high altitude high opening) parachute jumps. Eight HALO and eight HAHO jumpers were analyzed. They jumped at 5500 m, HALO jumpers opened the parachute at 500 m and HAHO jumpers at 4300 m of altitude. Before and after the jumps, parameters of muscle strength, cortical arousal, blood creatine kinase (CK) and glucose, blood oxygen saturation, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and specific fine motor skills of an experienced jumper were assessed; during the jump, heart rate (HR), HR variability, and speed were evaluated. HALO and HAHO jumps produced a significant increase in CK, lactate, and RPE, and a decrease in glucose. HAHO decreased cortical arousal, presented a higher sympathetic modulation, and a higher HR during the jump than HALO. HALO and HAHO produced an increase in the physiological, sympathetic modulation and muscle destruction, and a decrease in cortical arousal and a higher blood lactate concentration only in the HAHO jump. Also, somatic and cognitive anxiety correlated with higher strength manifestation and muscle destruction. This novel research could be used to improve actual training systems in both civil and military parachute jumpers.

Caffeine is one of the ergogenic substances most used by warfighters in current operation areas, but the effect on the organic response and operational performed is already poor knowledge. This research aimed to study the acute effect of 400 mg of caffeine monohydrate on the psycho-physiological response and rifle marksmanship of warfighters during a close quarter combat simulation. We analysed parameter of heart rate, blood lactate, cortical arousal, state anxiety and marksmanship of 20 Spanish Army veteran warfighters before and after a close quarter combat simulation in a double-blind procedure, also a correlation analysis was conducted between all the study variables. Marksmanship of warfighters did not improve with the caffeine ingestion, but it produced an increase in blood lactate concentration (caffeine: 1.9 ± 0.5 vs. 9.2 ± 1.1 mmol.l; placebo: 1.8 ± 0.7 vs. 6.9 ± 2.2 mmol.l), cortical arousal (% of change: caffeine: 2.51; placebo: -1.96) and heart rate (caffeine: 80.0 ± 7.2 vs. 172.9 ± 28.2 bpm; placebo: 79.3 ± 6.4 vs. 154.0 ± 26.8 bpm). In addition, higher heart rate values correlated negatively with marksmanship in close quarter combat. We concluded that caffeine intake did not improve the warfighters rifle marksmanship in close quarter combat possibly due to the increase in the physiological response.

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Background: In previous studies, ultra-endurance performance has been associated with training and psychological variables. However, performance under extreme conditions is understudied, mainly due to difficulties in making field measures. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the role of training, hydration, nutrition, oral health status, and stress-related psychological factors in athletes’ performance in ultra-endurance mountain events. Methods: We analyzed the variables of race time and training, hydration state, nutrition, oral health status, and stress-related psychological factors in 448 ultra-endurance mountain race finishers divided into three groups according to race length (less than 45 km, 45–90 km, and greater than 90 km), using a questionnaire. Results: Higher performance in ultra-endurance mountain races was associated with better oral health status and higher accumulative altitude covered per week as well as higher positive accumulative change of altitude per week during training. In longer distance races, experience, a larger volume of training, and better hydration/nutrition prior to the competition were associated with better performance. Conclusions: Ultra-endurance mountain athletes competing in longer races (>90 km) have more experience and follow harder training schedules compared with athletes competing in shorter distances. In longer races, a larger fluid intake before the competition was the single best predictor of performance. For races between 45 and 90 km, training intensity and volume were key predictors of performance, and for races below 45 km, oral health status was a key predictor of performance. Psychological factors previously reported as ultra-endurance mountain race performance predictors were inconsistent or failed to predict the performance of athletes in the present research.

La migración es un fenómeno que ha sido estudiado de forma constante en la actualidad, su interés estriba fundamentalmente en que es sufrido por millares de personas que buscando satisfacer sus necesidades básicas deciden partir a otras latitudes.  La causa principal del éxodo son las crisis institucionales derivadas de políticas de gobierno y medidas económicas que generan un detrimento en la sociedad.  Venezuela se ha convertido en este último tiempo en el referente de una migración masiva. Por consiguiente, países como Colombia han diseñado políticas públicas encaminadas a regularizar la migración a través de la expedición de decretos nacionales y locales, además de sentencias de la corte constitucional, para garantizar su permanencia, acceso a la salud, educación y nacionalidad. En este sentido el presente artículo aborda este panorama desde la óptica jurídica, social y política. La metodología es histórica retrospectiva, el enfoque es cualitativo, de tipo documental de campo; en consecuencia se delimita su estudio al municipio de Sabanalarga-Atlántico, por ser receptor de migrantes con y sin arraigo.

From the appearance of man to the present, food production has been a critical issue in ensuringthe survival of the human species. Over the centuries, agricultural production has evolved with the domestication of plant and animal species and the emergenceof technologies and techniques in production processes, affecting population growthand cities. The research seeks to describe the strategies for adopting innovation processes in the Department of La Guajira -Colombia agricultural production units.The results show that, in the last four decades, innovation strategies have begun to be discussed as a term that has evolved, going from incorporating new technologies to including elements related to efficiency, economic sustainability, sustainability, redesign of organizational structures, and the implementation of best practices that result in quality, quantity, safety and hygiene of agricultural activities. It is concluded that the studies on innovation strategies in agricultural productive units can be about phenomena that promote agricultural innovation, agricultural production models,and improvements in agricultural production processes, of which there is evidence of application in the Department of La Guajira.

El contrato concebido en el marco del individualismo liberal se convirtió en el resultado final de un proceso de oferta y aceptación que iba moldeando la expresión de dos voluntades que procuran garantizar sus intereses a la vez que buscan materializar el acuerdo. Sin embargo, los procesos de producción en serie, la economía de mercado, la evolución tecnológica y la sociedad de consumo generaron transformaciones que desembocaron en la proliferación de una nueva institución contractual: el contrato por adhesión. Las estructuras adhesivas implican restricciones al principio de libertad contractual y de la autonomía privada de los individuos, por lo que la intervención estatal en la materia se ha hecho necesaria para frenar los abusos que pudieran presentarse. Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre la posibilidad de que el mercado pueda solucionar los problemas originados en la falta de libertad contractual de los consumidores en este tipo de esquemas contractuales. Se toman como base varios de los argumentos de los teóricos del análisis económico del derecho; de igual forma se expresa la imposibilidad de que el mercado pueda reemplazar a la libertad contractual y la insuficiencia de este para paliar las consecuencias derivadas de ello.

En el presente artículo se realiza un análisis de la figura del contrato por adhesión incluido en la Ley 1480 de 2011 desde un enfoque cualitativo, mediante el uso de la hermenéutica jurídica para interpretar sistemáticamente el alcance y sentido de las normas referidas a la contratación y al consumo, y así caracterizarlas en el sistema colombiano y en el derecho comparado: Argentina y Brasil. Además se analiza la novedad de la inclusión en esta normativa del concepto de relación de consumo, su relación con el contrato por adhesión, y su importancia dentro del marco jurídico del derecho del consumo trazado a partir de la redacción de los artículos 78 y 88 de la Constitución de 1991. Entre los resultados destaca la influencia de la tendencia finalista en la nueva legislación colombiana y la introducción de un esquema de protección contractual para los consumidores frente a los contratos predispuestos. Como conclusión, vale mencionar, el avance que esta Ley representa en el tema de las relaciones contractuales por adhesión y su relación con los consumidores: establece deberes, límites y cargas para el predisponente, protección contractual para los consumidores y los términos para las relaciones de consumo en el mercado colombiano.