In the present study, the effects of ultrasound and plant growth regulators on in vitro callogenesis and secondary metabolites production in saffron calli were investigated. Accordingly, the saffron corms surface sterilized, sonicated and cultured on different concentrations of plant growth regulators (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg L-1 2,4-D or NAA in combination with 0.5 and 1 mg L-1 Kin or BAP). The percentage of callus induction, callus yield (fresh weight) and embryogenic callus formation were recorded and secondary metabolites of calli were measured by UV/VIS spectrophotometer three months after culture. The results indicated that sonication of the saffron corm explants significantly increased the in vitro callus induction and growth. So, the highest callus induction (100%) and yield (4.68 g) was achieved with sonicated explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 mg L-1 kinetin (Kin). Somatic embryogenesis was significantly influenced by plant growth regulator regimes and the MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) plus 0.5 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA plus 0.5 mg L-1 Kin exhibited the highest percentage (75 and 72, respectively) of somatic embryogenesis. Secondary metabolite content of the callus cells was significantly different among the plant growth regulator regimes and the highest production of picrocrocin and safranal were occurred on the medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 2,4-D plus 0.5 mg L-1 BAP and 1 mg L-1 NAA plus 1 mg L-1 BAP.
Aegilops species, wild relatives of wheat, are one of the important genetic resources in wheat breeding. In this study 13 populations of Aegilops biuncialis along with 2 populations of progenitor species Aegilops umbellulata were analysed in six replications using of acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results showed that TN-01-293 population had a high gluten and grind quality because of high percentage of γ-45.31 and γ-43.5 (high gluten quality index) in the observed band. Also, Ahar population from A. biuncialis was introduced to light gluten because of low percentage of γ-45.31 and γ-43.5 bands of quality. All studied populations can be used in breeding programmes for improving quality of bread wheat because of lack of γ-42 and γ-40 bands (low quality indices) and including high frequency of band in ω region. Through using PopGen 1.32 software, diversity is estimated . The maximum value of genetic diversity among populations resulted 49%.
Water stress is one of the most important environmental abiotic stress that reduced crop yield especially in arid and semi arid regions of the world. In order to identifying drought tolerance, 39 cultivars of spring, facultative and winter type wheat varieties were planted as subplots within the irrigation plots (main plots) in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a research filed of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran. In 2/3 continuous irrigation stress level, based on stress susceptibility, geometric mean productivity and harmonic indices, 'Sepahan' , 'Karaj 3' , 'Bahar' and 'Yavaroos' were known as the best varieties; and in 1/3 continuous irrigation stress level, based on the mentioned indices, 'Hirmand' , 'Bahar' , 'Yavaroos' and 'Marvdasht' were the best one. According to biplot resulted from principle coordinate analysis, in 2/3 continuous irrigation 'Moghan 1' , 'Golestan' , 'Kavir' , 'Maroon' , 'Karkheh' , 'Chanaab' , '10' , '6' , 'Bahar' and 'Sepahan'; and in 1/3 continuous irrigation 'Golestan' , '10' , 'Niknejad' , 'Maroon' , 'Darab' , 'Falat' , ' Arta' , 'Marvdasht' , 'Bahar' and 'Hirmand' were identified as the most tolerant cultivars. According to multiple regression analysis in subject of agronomic traits, 43, 33 and 25 informative ISSR markers identified in control, 2/3 and 1/3 continuous irrigation conditions, respectively. Also among these markers, there were significant relationship between P 12 L 3 and P 21 L 3 markers with plant height and spike length; P 4 L 1 and P 22 L 1 markers with flag leaf length; P 19 L 4 markers and number of node; P 30 L 4 markers and awn length; P 10 L 1 and P 22 L 1 with peduncle to plant height ratio in all of stress and non-stress conditions.
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