The study aimed to determine the effect of mobile aug-mented reality in the digital encyclopedia on complex problem-solving ability and responsible decision making attitude of first-year students. The research was a quasi-experiment (quantitative research) with pre-test and posttest methods. The population was first-year students of 2019/2020 in the Geography Education program, Faculty of Social Sci-ences, State University of Malang. The experimental group was from the PGEO6006-L class, and the control group was from the PGEO6006-A class, totaled 73 participants. Data were collected using a qualitative method using interviews and a quantitative method using a questionnaire for 4 weeks. The data analysis used an independent t-test to determine the effect of mobile augmented reality on students' complex problem-solving ability and responsible decision making atti-tude in Cosmography class. The results indicated that mobile augment-ed reality in the digital encyclopedia has a significant effect on stu-dents' complex problem-solving ability and responsible decision mak-ing attitude.

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This paper took Ulaanbaatar as a case study and selected data from 2002 to 2016 to understand the complex relationship between urbanization and the livelihood levels of urban residents. The results showed that the urbanization of Ulaanbaatar was fast unfolding, while the livelihood levels of urban residents were not simultaneously improved but were in a state of constant fluctuation. A distributed lag model was conducted to investigate the impact of urbanization on the livelihood levels of urban residents. The results confirmed that urbanization has an obvious lag effect on livelihood levels, and with the urbanization development, it could improve public services and labor wages at a lag of 3 years, better healthcare at a lag of 2, 3, and 4 years, increase healthcare and cultural services at a lag of 2 years, and gradually improve the residents’ livelihood levels in the long run. We concluded with an overview of how our analysis can offer useful insights to policy makers and urban planners.

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