This study examines the relationship between CO2 emission, economic growth, population and energy consumption in Pakistan during period of 1975-2016. The study evaluates IPAT (Impact of CO2 x Population x Affluence x Technology) hypothesis where CO2 emission is influence by high population growth, economic growth, and technology. The study use ARDL bounds testing approach to estimate short and long run elasticities. The results confirm that population growth and energy demand both increase the CO2 emission, while the relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions is negative in Long-run, because the development of new low-carbon technologies enables a country to reach the same production level but at lower CO2 emissions, that improve the air quality indicator in a country. The results conclude that IPAT hypothesis is verified in Pakistan economy. Where population growth influenced the environmental quality, the government should have to control high mass population growth by increasing family planning expenditure in a country. The renewable energy resources are further policy implication that is desirable to reduced energy associated emission in a country.

This study tested the EKC (environment Kuznets curve) framework for selected 9 ASEAN countries of the time period of 1970-2019. The EKC framework hypothesis checked under 2 linkages, first one is to examine the relationship between energy consumption, GDP and CO2 and the other one is energy consumption, GDP square and CO2. The study examines both long and short run effect of energy consumption, GDP, square of GDP on carbon emission. Firstly, used Levin Lin Chu and Lm Pasaran panel unit root test to check the order of integration of indicators further for short and long run estimates are examined by panel Auto Regressive Distributive lag (ARDL / PMG). Results of LLC, Lm Pesaran, reveals that the variables have mixed integration order. Due to the mixed order of integration, PMG results showed a rise in energy consumption by 1%, caused a rise in emissions by 0.8377%. Carbon emission (CO2) decreased by 0.1622%, by increase the square of economic growth while increasing economic growth by 1%, leading to boosts carbon emissions by 2.05%. The negative and positive effect of GDP and square of economic growth approve the EKC theory. Furthermore, this study suggests that to maintain sustainable economic expansion goals policy makers ensure the use of sustainable energy sources (renewable energy) to maximize growth of country and minimize carbon emission. It results carbon sequestration, protect green environment and safe lives.

This study examined the relationship between savings and investment in the G-7 countries for the period of 1970 to 2015. The stationary analysis of the data has been done by adopting the panel Levin, Lin & Chu, Breitung, Pesaran & Shin, ADF-Fisher & PP-Fisher criteria while the long run relationship has been tested by employing the Pedroni residual test of co-integration. The results neglected the existence of a long run correlation between saving and investment in G-7 countries. Further, joint causality between the savings and investment has also been tested using the fixed effect VAR model. Wald test explains that the two consecutive lags i.e. S (-1) and S (-2) of savings is jointly causing savings in the current year in the G7 countries. While the same two lags of investment i.e. I (-1) and I (-2) does not jointly granger cause savings in the G7 economies. The results are in line with Feldstein and Horioka (1980) that there is a stable and significant association between the increasing rates of savings and investment in the short run while this relationship weaken in the long run.

Carbon Dioxide emissions are not suitable for human health, and it also creates hurdles in the economic growth of any economy. The current study aims to reinvestigate the impact of greenhouse gases like CO2 emissions, including other gases, in the cement industry of Pakistan and its outcome in the shape of an increase in the health expenditures of the citizens. The study employs the ARDL methodology to find the empirical results in the short and long run. For the empirical analysis, the study used time-series data from the WDI database and covered the range from 1990 to 2019. The study finds a strong relationship between CO2 emissions from the cement industry, health expenditures, and economic growth in Pakistan. There is a uni-directional causality running from CO2 emission to health expenses in both the short and long run. The present study makes a significant contribution to the literature on industrial economics and energy economics and its effects on the well-being of people in society. The study explains the changes in the health expenditures of people by considering the emission of CO2 from the cement industry, which is a new dimension in the case of Pakistan. Moreover, the study suggested that the government and policymakers should make environment-friendly and eco-friendly policies to clean the environment for better health and high economic growth. The government should encourage investors to invest in green technology to increase production capacity and improve the environment.

Literature evidenced that environmental degradation creates hurdles in economic development. So, this study highlights the leading macroeconomic indicators which affect the environment and investigates the nexus among FDI, energy utilization, economic development, and environmental pollution for ASEAN nations from 1990 to 2018. Panel Autor Regressive Distributive lag (ARDL) methodology is used to examine the impact of economic growth, foreign direct investment and energy use on environment degradation. Different panel unit roots (Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat, Levin, Lin & Chu, ADF - Fisher Chi-square, PP - Fisher Chi-square) tests are applied to confirm the intergradation order, and results confirm that there exits I (0) and I(1) order of intergradation. There exists a unidirectional relationship between energy consumption and carbon emission of CO2 and CO2 to foreign direct investment in the long run. While in the short run, there does not exist any relationship. The results confirm the existence EKC hypothesis, which confirms there exits negative and positive effects of GDP and square of GDP on carbon emission. Hence this study concludes that its essential to develop some strategies and policies to guarantee economic stability. Additionally, reliable and sustainable power resources should be used for positive environmental changes. The carbon dioxide emission should be reduced for the GDP growth by utilizing different eco-technologies and renewable energy resources, which can nullify the effect of emission of CO2 to maintain the greenhouse environment.