Abstract:Mutation on the all species of plant were generally caused by gamma or multi gamma radiation sources. The largest effect of that was occurred on chromosome and genetic factor, specially on structure and composition of chromosome and Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA). This case can be used for breeding of several important plants in Agricultural science. The objectives of this research is to develop of local kidney bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L) that tolerant to dry condition and high production. Multi gamma radiation and selection are the main methods to use in this research and other methods comprised of observation/survey, sampling, comparison, analyzing and interpretation. The number of mutant varieties of kidney bean (superior seed of mutant) obtained in this research based on selection method are ten mutant varieties. The growth percentage rate, protein content of control and mutant variety of kidney bean were estimated respectively of 97, 22.54 and 24.21%. The production of mutant kidney bean was between 3.97 tons/ha up to 5.28 tons/ha and the average production was 4.71 tons/ha. The average production of control was 2.60 tons/ha, in order that the production was significantly increased by 44.80%.

This study reports for the first time the theoretical prediction of structural, electronic, elastic and optical properties of cubic BaLiCl3, BaLiBr3, and BaLiI3 perovskites. The corresponding properties of the well-known BaLiF3 are also theoretically investigated. Density Functional Theory (DFT) using the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) was implemented within the Quantum Espresso package to investigate the properties of the perovskites. The results revealed that BaLiX3 (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) are in ionic crystal forms with optimized lattice parameters of 4.04, 4.90, 5.21, and 5.66 Å, respectively. The minor band gaps were found to be 6.62 eV (Γ→Γ), 4.29 eV (R→Γ), 3.50 eV (R→Γ), and 2.58 eV (R→Γ) for the respective compounds. The investigation of their elastic properties indicated that these perovskites are all mechanically stable, while only BaLiBr3 and BaLiI3 are malleable. Finally, the studied perovskites exhibit excellent optical properties, including low reflectivity and high absorption in the ultraviolet region. Hence, it is predicted that these perovskites are suitable for various optoelectronic applications involving absorption in the UV region. However, BaLiBr3 and BaLiI3 are more favorable than BaLiF3 and BaLiCl3 to be deposited as thin films due to their flexibility.

The general effect of multigamma radiation causes mutation on the all species of plant. The largest effect of multigamma radiation was occurred on genetics factor and chromosome, specific on structure and composition of chromosome and DNA. This case can be used for breeding of several importent plants in the world. The objective of this research is the breeding of local soybean (Glycine max L) from Bajawa Flores NTT Indoneisa with aplicaton of multigamma radiation to obtain the primer seed of local soybean with high production and tolerant to dry condition. There were ten (10) varieties of primer seed or superior seed was obtained from mutation by multigamma radiation treatment. The production was revolved between 3.78 tons/ha up to 4.92 tons/ha, with mean production 4.41 tons/ha. The mean production of initial soybean (control) is 2.54 tons/ha, just as the production was increased significantly by 42.40 percent.

The main problems investigated in these research are 1) the developing of local peanut variety from west Sumba through breeding with multigamma radiation method (nuclear) and carefully selection on two varieties of peanut, i.e erect peanut and creep peanut by multiculture principle, in order to obtain the primer seed of local peanut variety that can increase production, 2) developing of primer seed of local yellow corn, in order to tolerant to abiotic and biotic conditions. The main method of research is application of multigamma radiation that supported by other methods comprised of observation/survey, sampling, multiculture, analysis, comparison, and interpretation.The results of research are two primer varieties of local peanut seed from East Sumba with principle multiculture by multigamma radiation and carefully selection, and the primer seed of sweet local corn that tolerant to abiotic and biotic conditions, in order that production results of peanut's farmer and local corn in East Sumba specially and NNT generally, can significantly optimally increase, to support the stamina and safety of National food. The average production is obtained 5.7 ton/ha and 4.5 ton/ha for erect peanut, or the average production increase 43.86% for creep peanut and 42.22% for erect peanut.On the second planting (first cleansing), the research on the second year, obtained the increase of average production about 45.84% (percent) of dried pod for erect peanut and 46.67% (percent) of dry pod for creep peanut. The increase of production potential on the second planting, the research on the second year in succession is 52.29% (percent) dried pod dried pod for erect peanut, and 52.22% (percent) dried pod for creep peanut. The increase average of production on the second year of research is 40.25% (percent) dried pod for erect peanut, and 40.42% (percent) dried pod for creep peanut. The increase average of production potential 48.84% (percent) dry pod for erect peanut, and 49.95% (percent) dried pod for creep peanut.

Vigna Radiata L is grouped as the third important legume in Indonesia after soybean and peanut with high nutrition. The research aims to develop local Vigna Radiata L from Timor Island Indonesia with multi-gamma irradiation technique and carefully selection for obtaining several variations of superior varieties. The main research method comprised of observation, irradiation, purifying, careful selection, comparative, analysis, and interpretation. The results of research on final purifying are obtained three variations of mutant varieties with several superior chemical and physical characteristics.  The production of Vigna Radiata L as a result of Multigamma irradiation significantly increased, and on final purifying obtained especial superior of selected mutant varieties namely, two varieties can be fruited for the second time with harvest age are relatively short

Soybean was the first legumes in Indonesia with production more decreased, while fulfill of public societies were increased. In order that, it was necessary developed and cultivated with technology application. The main problem investigated in this work was the continuous development of Soybean as a result of multi-gamma irradiation on the first year of research. On the second, third, and the fourth year of research, varieties of mutants were purified by carefully selection while growth of plant until to harvest. The selection type was individual selections. In the same time was done multi-locations test. This work obtained five variations of superior varieties of mutant after purifying, which production range about 3.58 -5.12 t/ha, and the total average production about 4.48 t/ha. Range production of initial variety about 1.96-2.61 t/ha and average production of initial (control) soybean about 2.40 t/ha. Percentage rate production of superior selected mutant variety after purifying about 46.47%

The main problem studied in this research is the development of local Timor red peanuts using multigamma irradiation. This study aims to develop local Timo red peanut varieties through breeding using standard multi-gamma irradiation and careful selection to obtain superior mutant cultivars. Research methods include: irradiation, observation, sampling, selection, purification, comparative, and interpretation. The results obtained: The development of local Timor red peanuts varieties through breeding with multigamma irradiation techniques and careful selection resulted in superior mutant cultivars that could adapt to several abiotic and biotic conditions and significantly increased production. The use of multigamma irradiation in the development of local Timor red peanuts resulted in three varieties of selected high yielding mutant varieties with relatively similar production and significantly increased compared to the parent variety. The average total percentage increase in production for the three varieties of selected high yielding mutant varieties resulting from multigamma irradiation was 49.16% with an average total dry seed moisture content of 11.07%.

This study purpose to genetically engineer local cayenne pepper through breeding with multigamma irradiation methods to obtain superior offspring that adapt to drought stress, extreme weather, pest tolerance, and high production. The method used consists of observation, sampling, irradiation, careful selection, purification, comparative, and interpretation. The brief procedure of the study included: observations for taking samples, inventorying the physical characteristics of local chili parent varieties, selecting research sites, cultivating the planting area, irradiating the sample at a dose of 2500 rads for 30 minutes, soaking the planting area, planting seeds, irrigation, observing the age and ability to grow seeds, doing embroidery, weeding and fertilizing, observing the condition of plants during growth, harvesting, weighing the mass of fruit per tree, analyzing several nutritional content, comparing the physical and chemical characteristics of the parent varieties and selected superior offspring, and interpreting. Result of research: Local cayenne pepper of superior selected offspring as a result of multigamma irradiation can adapt to drought conditions, extreme weather, tolerant of pests and diseases, and significantly increase production compared to the parent variety. The average production of the selected superior offspring was 11.11 t ha-1, while the parent variety was 6.54 t ha-1 with a percentage increase in the production of local cayenne pepper from the selected superior offspring was 41.13%.