Studies on bio-organic materials for optoelectronic devices have increased recently, mainly due to the low cost of the materials. Electrical properties of the materials are important to review whether a material is suitable for optoelectronic applications. The energy gap is an important parameter to investigate the electrical properties of materials, and therefore, the band gap value has to be determined accurately. The energy gap of a semiconductor material can be calculated from its absorption spectrum using the Tauc plot method. In this article, we designed software based on the Tauc plot method (Taucplot4dotz) and ran a trial test using data from our previous studies on Sukun (Artocarpus Altilis) leaves extract and Gamal (Gliricidia Sepium) leaves extract. Results obtained were more accurate than our previous calculations since here we used both horizontal dan vertical linear extrapolation lines compared to only one in our previous calculations. We also used re-fitted data of ZnO [26]. Our accurate and fast calculation using the software showed that energy gap values of Sukun leaves and Gamal leaves extract were 3.033 eV and 1.833 eV, respectively. For ZnO, the energy gap was found to be 3.6205 eV, slightly different from the original data (3.625 eV) [26]. From the results, it can be concluded that the software provides an easier and faster calculation of energy gap values of materials, from which one can further investigate the potential of the materials suitable for optoelectronic devices based on bio-organic materials.
ABSTRAK Telah dirancang sebuah sistem otomatisasi kontrol kadar pH dan informasi suhu. Kadar pH di ukur dengan menggunakan sensor pH E-201-C dan suhu di ukur dengan sensor DS18B20. Proses kontrol pH di lakukan dengan menambahkan cairan pH up dan pH down dan direalisasikan dengan katup solenoid. Tujuan pembuatan sistem ini adalah untuk mengontrol nilai pH air dalam akuarium dan memberi informasi tentang suhu air. Ke dalam sistem ini telah diinput nilai standar pH dan suhu pada masing-masing jenis ikan. Sistem ini akan bekerja secara otomatis untuk menyesuaikan lingkungan hidup ikan hias sesuai dengan kebutuhannya masing-masing. Sistem pengontrolan pH dapat bekerja apabila nilai pengukuran pH menyatakan kondisi pH tinggi atau pH rendah dan pada kondisi tersebut air akan mengalir ke tabung penyesuaian pH untuk melakukan kontrol. Apabila nilai pengukuran pH menyatakan bahwa pH tinggi maka cairan Kontrol pH down akan mengalir dan apabila nilai pengukuran pH menyatakan bahwa pH rendah maka cairan kontrol pH up akan mengalir. Sistem ini telah teruji mampu mempertahankan kondisi lingkungan hidup ikan hias dengan hasil pengukuran pH dan suhu adalah 7.48 -7.8 dan 28.87 – 29.55 0C. Kata kunci: Sensor pH E-201-C, Sensor DS18B20, pH down, pH up ABSTRACT An automated control system of pH value and temperature monitoring of an aquarium had been designed. For pH value measurement, E -201C type pH sensor had been used, while the temperature monitoring is done using DS18620 one wire temperature sensor. Controlling processing of pH is done by adding liquid of pH up and pH down and realized with solenoid valve. The aim is to control pH value of water in aquarium and giving information about temperature monitoring. This system had been inputted standard pH value and temperature to all variant of fishes. It works systematically to adapt on environment of the fishes by the needs. The system is able to work well if the controlling of pH value showed the condition up or down and water is able to flow to adapter tube. if the value shows that the pH is high then controlling liquid of pH up will be flowing while if pH is low then pH down will be flowing. This system had been tested to maintain the environment condition of fishes and showed by measuring of pH and temperature is 7.48 – 7.8 and 28.87– 29.55 0C. Keywords: Sensor pH E – 201, Sensr DS18B20, pH down, pH up.
Calculation of He atomic energy levels using the first order perturbation theory taught in the Basic Quantum Mechanics course has led to relatively large errors. To improve its accuracy, several methods have been developed but most of them are too complicated to be understood by undergraduate students. The purposes of this study are to apply a simple matrix method in calculating some of the lowest energy levels of He atom (1s2, triplet 1s2s, and singlet 1s2s states) and to reduce errors obtained from calculations using the standard perturbation theory. The convergence of solutions as a function of the number of bases is also examined. The calculation is done analytically for 3 bases and computationally with the number of bases using MATHEMATICA. First, the 2-electron wave function of the Helium atom is written as the multiplication of two He+ ion wave functions, which are then expanded into finite dimension bases. These bases are used to calculate the elements of the Hamiltonian matrix, which are then substituted back to the energy eigenvalue equation to determine the energy values of the system. Based on the calculation results, the error obtained for the He ground state energy using 3 bases is 2.51 %, smaller than the errors of the standard perturbation theory (5.28 %). Despite the fact that the error is still relatively large from the analytical calculations for singlet-triplet 1s2s energy splitting of He atom, this error is successfully reduced significantly as more bases were used in the numerical calculations. In particular, for n = 25, the current calculation error for all states is much smaller than the errors obtained from calculations using standard perturbation theory. In conclusion, the analytical calculations for the energy eigenvalue equation for the 3 lowest states of the Helium atom using 3 bases have been carried out. It was also found in this study that increasing the number of bases in our numerical calculations has significantly reduced the errors obtained from the analytical calculations.
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