The enteric protist Blastocystis is one of the most frequently reported parasites infecting both humans and many other animal hosts worldwide. A remarkable genetic diversity has been observed in the species, with 17 different subtypes (STs) on a molecular phylogeny based on small subunit RNA genes (SSU rDNA). Nonetheless, information regarding its distribution, diversity and zoonotic potential remains still scarce, especially in groups other than primates. In Brazil, only a few surveys limited to human isolates have so far been conducted on Blastocystis STs. The aim of this study is to determine the occurrence of Blastocystis subtypes in non-human vertebrate and invertebrate animal groups in different areas of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A total of 334 stool samples were collected from animals representing 28 different genera. Blastocystis cultivated samples were subtyped using nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses and BLAST searches revealed six subtypes: ST5 (28.8%), ST2 (21.1%), ST1 and ST8 (19.2%), ST3 (7.7%) and ST4 (3.8%). Our findings indicate a considerable overlap between STs in humans and other animals. This highlights the importance of investigating a range of hosts for Blastocystis to understand the eco-epidemiological aspects of the parasite and its host specificity.

Non-human primates are routinely studied and managed in zoos, conservation breeding centers, and research centers, but there is currently limited information regarding diseases that can affect these animals. Dilated cardiomyopathy is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases in small animal clinical practice. However, there are few reports of this condition occurring in non-human primates. Here, in a spider monkey (Ateles chamek) housed in the Rio de Janeiro Zoo, we report the occurrence of dilated cardiomyopathy, its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis through clinical examination, and the use of complementary exams (radiographic, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic), as well as the protocol, used in the treatment. In this case, it is assumed that the occurrence of the disease was related to the peripartum period due to the hormonal and metabolic changes that occurred, and the physiological interactions of gestation and puerperium.

ResumoDurante o período de janeiro a novembro de 2016 foi avaliada a prevalência de parasitos gastrointestinais em mamíferos selvagens do Jardim Zoológico do Rio de Janeiro S/A (RioZoo). Amostras fecais de cento e trinta e três mamíferos selvagens, incluindo setenta e um primatas, vinte e dois felídeos, cinco roedores, cinco procionídeos, quatro taiassuinídeos, quatro mustelídeos, três quirópteros, três canídeos, dois mirmecofagídeos, dois camelídeos, dois tapirídeos, dois cervídeos, dois proboscídeos, dois hipopotamídeos, um otarídeo, um herpestídeo, um erinaceomorfídeo e um dasipodídeo, foram processadas por uso das técnicas de Gordon & Whitlock, Sheather e Baermann-Moraes. A prevalência de animais positivos para pelo menos uma espécie de parasito foi de 16,5 % (22/133) e a prevalência específica para cada grupo de hospedeiros positivos foi de: 100% (1/1) em dasipodídeos, 100% (1/1) em herpestídeos, 50% (1/2) em camelídeos, 21,1% (15/71) em primatas, 20% (1/5) em procionídeos, 13,6% (3/22) em felídeos e 0% em outros grupos (tapirídeos, canídeos, roedores, taiassuinídeos, cervídeos, proboscídeos, mustelídeos, artiodactilídeos, suinídeos, otarídeos, erinaceomorfos, mirmecofagídeos e quirópteros). Das amostras positivas, foram encontrados ovos e larvas de nematóides da Superfamília Rhabdiasoidea em 36,4% (8/22), ovos da Superfamília Ascaroidea em 31,8% (7/22), ovos da Superfamília Trichuroidea em 4,5% (1/22) e ovos da Superfamília Strongyloidea em 4,5% (1/22). O parasitismo por pentastomídeos (subClasse Pentastomida) apresentou prevalência de 4,5 % (1/22) e por acantocéfalos (Filo Acantocephala) 4,5% (1/22). Cistos ou trofozoitas de protozoários (Reino Protozoa) não foram encontrados. Palavras-chave:Animais selvagens, exame coproparasitológico, cativeiro, parasitologia. AbstractDuring the period from January to November/2016 the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild mammals from the Zoological Garden of Rio de Janeiro (RioZoo) were evaluated. Stool samples of one hundred and thirty-three wild mammals, among these seventy one primates, twenty-two felids, five rodents, five procionids, four taiassuinids, four mustelids, three canids, three chiropterids, two camelids, two tapirids, two cervids, two proboscids, two hipopotamids, one otarid, one herpestid, one erinaceomorfid, two mirmecofagids, one dasypodoid, were processed using Gondon & Whitlock, Sheather and Baermann-Moraes techniques. The prevalence of the positive animals to at least one specie of parasite was 16,5% (22/133) and the specific prevalence for each positive host group was: 100% (1/1) in dasipodids, 100% (1/1) in herpestids, 50% (1/2) in camelids, 21,1% (15/71) in primates, 20% (1/5) in procionids, 13,6% (3/22) in felids and 0% in the others groups (tapirids, canids, rodents, taiassuinids, cervids, proboscids, mustelids, hipopotamids, otarids, erinaceomorfids, mirmecofagids and chiropterids). Among the positive samples, eggs and larvae from Superfamily Rhabdiasoidea were observed in 36,4% (8/22), eggs from the Superfamily Ascaroidea in 31,...

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Brazil is one of the countries with the most abundant avifauna in the world. The confinement of birds associated with close contact with other animals and humans favor the spread of agents of respiratory diseases. Among them, mycoplasmas can cause asymptomatic or apparent disease that manifests in birds by coughing, sneezing, rales, conjunctivitis, ocular and nasal discharge. Several described mycoplasmas cause disease in birds, especially Mycoplasma gallisepticum(MG) andMycoplasma synoviae(MS). The diagnosis ofMycoplasmaspp. can be done by clinical observation and laboratory analysis. Molecular diagnosis by PCR was boosted by its speed, sensitivity, and low cost of agent isolation techniques that take up to 21 days to complete. This study aimed to verify the occurrence ofMycoplasmaspp. in birds of the Rio de Janeiro Zoo (Rio Zoo), by isolation and PCR. Of the total 635 birds from the Rio Zoo, 81 were studied for detection ofMycoplasmaspp., when taken for routine health assessment exams. These birds belonged to the following orders: Psittaciformes (45), Accipitriformes (18), Galliformes (7), Piciformes (5), Strigiformes (4), Falconiformes (1) and Cariamiformes (1), all individuals already identified by microchip or leg-ring. There was no isolation of mycoplasmas in any of the samples tested, whereas, in the PCR, 62.96% (51/81) were positive, with 1.96% (1/51) identified as MG and 19.61% (10/51) as MS, representing 1.23% (1/81) and 12.34% (10/81) of the total population studied. PCR was shown to be a more effective technique than isolation in the detection ofMycoplasmaspp. in birds. It was possible to detect mycoplasmas in birds from Riozoo with no clinical respiratory signs, with higher MS prevalence than MG. The positivities forMycoplasmaspp., MS, and MG were different among the orders studied, being the highest occurrence in birds of prey, followed by Galliformes and Piciformes. The presence of MG and MS in birds of Rio de Janeiro Zoo confirms the circulation of these agents and the need for further studies on the dissemination of mycoplasmas in zoos for the epidemiological analysis of these bacteria in these places.

The study was carried out at Zoo of the city of Rio de Janeiro-Fundação RioZOO-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis determined by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii with wide geographic distribution, which affects homeothermic animals, with felids being their definitive hosts and other mammals and birds being their intermediate hosts. Regarding the Latin American bird species Cairina moschata, there are few reports in Brazil of the exposure of these animals to this protozoan. Based on the above, this study aimed to report for the first time the exposure of C. moschata to infection by this parasite in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, determining the serological frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies in birds of this species. Sixty-seven specimens of C. moschata were captured in the vicinity of the Rio de Janeiro Zoo, and these animals at the time of capture were sorted by gender and type of feather. Blood samples from these animals were obtained by venipuncture to obtain the serum. The serum samples were subjected to IFAT for anti-T. gondii IgG. In general, the frequency of positive results was 58.21% (n=39), with a statistically significant association (p<0.05) between the animals with adult plumage and seropositivity. The exposure of ducks to T. gondii in the vicinity of the Zoo may indicate contamination of this area with protozoan oocysts.

Although rare, mycoplasmas are included among the causes of respiratory diseases in reptiles and, in the order Squamata, three reports of these microorganisms causing diseases in pythons have already been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of Mycoplasma species in captive snakes. A total of 26 snakes of the families Pythonidae (13), Boidae (7), Viperidae (5) and Colubridae (1) from RioZoo, Brazil, were evaluated. Animals were examined to determine clinical signs consistent with any infectious disease. Tracheal swab samples from snakes were collected in Frey medium and analyzed for the presence of Mycoplasma spp.by isolation and a genus-specific PCR. DNA sequencing analyses of six positive samples by PCR were carried out to identify the species. Using isolation 19.23% (5/26) was positive, while 65.38% (17/26) of the animals were positive by PCR. Based on the analyses of the six sequences obtained, there was similarity with a Mycoplasma spp. previously described in a phyton and, M. agassizii and M. testudineum reported in chelonians. This is the first report of Mycoplasma spp. in animals of the families Boidae and Viperidae. Mycoplasma spp. were detected in snakes with and without clinical signs. The mycoplasmas reported resented identity (range, 95% to 100%) to others already described in reptiles. There was no relationship between the presence of Mycoplasma spp. and clinical signs.