Background The early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is highly desirable but remains a challenging task, which requires a set of cognitive tests and hours of clinical examinations. In addition, variations of such symptoms exist, which can make the identification of ASD even more difficult. Although diagnosis tests are largely developed by experts, they are still subject to human bias. In this respect, computer-assisted technologies can play a key role in supporting the screening process. Objective This paper follows on the path of using eye tracking as an integrated part of screening assessment in ASD based on the characteristic elements of the eye gaze. This study adds to the mounting efforts in using eye tracking technology to support the process of ASD screening Methods The proposed approach basically aims to integrate eye tracking with visualization and machine learning. A group of 59 school-aged participants took part in the study. The participants were invited to watch a set of age-appropriate photographs and videos related to social cognition. Initially, eye-tracking scanpaths were transformed into a visual representation as a set of images. Subsequently, a convolutional neural network was trained to perform the image classification task. Results The experimental results demonstrated that the visual representation could simplify the diagnostic task and also attained high accuracy. Specifically, the convolutional neural network model could achieve a promising classification accuracy. This largely suggests that visualizations could successfully encode the information of gaze motion and its underlying dynamics. Further, we explored possible correlations between the autism severity and the dynamics of eye movement based on the maximal information coefficient. The findings primarily show that the combination of eye tracking, visualization, and machine learning have strong potential in developing an objective tool to assist in the screening of ASD. Conclusions Broadly speaking, the approach we propose could be transferable to screening for other disorders, particularly neurodevelopmental disorders.

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Eye-tracking studies have revealed a specific visual exploration style characterizing individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of stimulus type (static vs. dynamic) on visual exploration in children with ASD. Twenty-eight children with ASD, 28 children matched for developmental communication age, and 28 children matched for chronological age watched a video and a series of photos involving the same joint attention scene. For each stimulus, areas of interest (AOI) were determined based on Voronoi diagrams, which were defined around participants' fixation densities, defined by the mean shift algorithm. To analyze the eye-tracking data on visual exploration, we used a method for creating AOI a posteriori, based on participants' actual fixations. The results showed the value of both kinds of stimuli. The photos allowed for the identification of more precise AOI and showed similarities in exploration between ASD and typical children. On the other hand, video revealed that, among ASD children only, there are few differences in the way they look at the target depending on the deictic cue used. This raises questions regarding their understanding of a joint attention bid recorded on a video. Finally, whatever the stimulus, pointing seems to be the most important element for children looking at the target.

Even when they have good language skills, many children with hearing loss lag several years behind hearing children in the ability to grasp beliefs of others. The researchers sought to determine whether this lag results from difficulty with the verbal demands of tasks or from conceptual delays. The researchers related children's performance on a nonverbal theory of mind task to their scores on verbal aptitude tests. Twelve French children (average age about 10 years) with severe to profound hearing loss and 12 French hearing children (average about 7 years) were evaluated. The children with hearing loss showed persistent difficulty with theory of mind tasks, even a nonverbal task, presenting results similar to those of hearing 6-year-olds. Also, the children with hearing loss showed a correlation between language level (lexical and morphosyntactic) and understanding of false beliefs. No such correlation was found in the hearing children.

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Background and aims Response to joint attention (RJA) and initiation of joint attention (IJA) are impaired in pre-schoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Children’s response to joint attention may depend on the presence of the target in the child's field of vision or on the type of deictic index (head and eye orientation, pointing and verbalisations) used by the adult to initiate joint attention. Methods This study deals with 50 ASD children aged from 2 years 8 months to 11 years 7 months, with a communicative level comparable to children under 31 months of age, according to the French version of the Early Social Communication Scales (ECSP, by its French acronym). We compared the aforementioned ASD children with 50 typically developing (TD) children, aged 9 to 30 months who had no communication disorders according to the ECSP. During the ECSP test, we analysed joint attention behaviours on three posters present or absent from the children's visual field. Results We did not observe any difference in the number of IJAs between groups, but ASD children were less responsive than TD children were. Our results showed a developmental progression in the responses of children with ASD if several deictic cues were used by an adult simultaneously (looking and pointing, or looking and verbalising to indicate a target), whether the referent was present or absent from the child’s visual field. In addition, we observed developmental progression when the referent was behind the child and the adult only used their gaze to refer to it. Conclusion Thus, we argue that the type of cues used affects ASD children’s response behaviours during joint attention towards a referent that may be present or absent from their visual field. Implications: Regarding the social and the sensory difficulties of children with ASD, many therapeutic approaches focus their intervention methods on non-verbal communication skills and joint attention. This fundamental research makes it possible to identify the most appropriate type of deictic index for children with ASD with developmental delay, depending on the presence or absence of the referent in the child's visual field.

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Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o impacto psicológico da triagem sistemática da surdez nos pais das crianças criadas. Informar os pais de uma surdez potencial desde os primeiros d^las de vida pode provocar uma angústia materna assim como uma desorganização das primeiras relações mae-criança. Os resultados obtidas mostram que os pais apresentam um nível alto de ansiedades porém mantendo interações de qualidade com o seu bebê. Palavras-chave: Surdez neonatal. Triagem. Ansiedade parental. Interações precoces. INTRODUÇÃOA triagem da surdez neonatal permanente (SPN), definida por uma perda total permanente superior ou igual a 40 dBHL na orelha melhor, inscreve-se em um processo de prevenção secundária dos handicaps. Como sublinha o relatório da ANAES I, a surdez infantil é um problema de saúde pública. Handicap grave e freqüente (1,2 a 3,1 por 1000 nascimentos segundo os estudos), a SPN implica em uma privação sensorial, que tem conseqüências não apenas no desenvolvimento da linguagem mas, de uma maneira mais geral, no desenvolvimento cognitivo da criança. Assim, a freqüência, as conseqüências da privação auditiva no desenvolvimento da criança, tanto quanto o interesse nos cuidados precoces 2-4 , justificam uma triagem sistemática da surdez na criança no período neonatal.Contudo, informar aos pais uma disfunção sensorial potencial desde os primeiros dias de vida da criança pode provocar uma certa angústia parental assim como uma desorganização das primeiras relações pais-criança, e certos profissionais se posicionam de modo reservado quanto aos reais benefícios de uma triagem praticada durante o período neonatal, que se revela sensível em inúmeros aspectos 5 . Vários estudos tentaram avaliar as conseqüências de um resultado positivo no teste de triagem da surdez permanente neonatal e emitem conclusões bastante contrastantes. Um certo nú-mero deles relatam um aumento da ansiedade parental quando a criança foi triada positiva no primeiro teste 6 e insistem sobre a importância da realização de um acompanhamento durante o período que separa o primeiro do segundo teste 7 . Estes estudos relatam que o tempo de duração entre os dois testes tem um papel importante. Com efeito, mesmo se o nível de ansiedade medida permanece baixo, os pais confessam estar preocupados com o teste de triagem e estar particularRefere-se ao Art. de mesmo nome, 14(2), [29][30][31][32][33] 2004