The aim of this project work is to study the application of Bixa orellana seed for dyeing of cotton knitted fabric. To satisfy the future demand for an eco-friendly as well as sustainable dyeing of cotton fabric numeric exploration had been performed in this work. Natural dye was extracted by normal water extraction method with caustic soda from raw seed of Bixa orellana. In this experiment commercially scoured-bleached 100% cotton knitted single jersey structure fabric with an areal density of 140 grams per square meter is used. Pre-mordanting action of cotton fabric samples were carried out using various metallic salts. Samples were dyed using by Glauber Salt + hot wash with Standard Soap, without Glauber Salt + hot wash, Glauber Salt + without hot wash and without Glauber Salt + without hot wash. Color strength of the dyed samples for different dyeing condition was assessed by means of K/S value. To intensify the color strength various mordanting agents were used. Effect of mordanting agents had evaluated by means of K/S value. Best color strength was yield for the samples dyed with Bixa orellana which were mordanted with CuSO 4. Impact of electrolyte on color strength had also investigated by means of K/S value. Color fastness of the selected dyed samples to water, washing, perspiration and rubbing were evaluated. Impact of mordanting agents, hot wash and electrolyte were intensively evaluated. In all cases mordanted samples with CuSO 4 exhibit best result. This result adumbrates developing a sustainable technology for a cabalistic utilization of Bixa orellana seed for coloration of cotton knitted fabric. The exquisite assessment of all tested properties of colored samples evolves this technology can be commercially implemented by considering few limitations.

Despite the importance of Nickel Oxide (NiO) in diverse functional applications, very little information is available on the mechanical properties of bulk or porous NiO or, mostly unnoticed. In this study, porous Ni-NiO foam was synthesized using space holding-powder metallurgy and sintering methods to produce opened-cell structure with macrogravel and Neolamarckia cadamba (Cadamba flower) like surface morphology. Four different types of porous Ni-NiO with different pore diameter of 35.65 ± 12.77, 36.10 ± 8.85, 68.20 ±7.36 and 62.45 ± 17.48 µm were fabricated for evaluating the effect of porosity on the mechanical properties of bulk porous Ni-NiO foam. The mechanical properties such as bulk crushing force of as synthesized Ni-NiO foam with various porosities such as 20.55, 27.35, 27.85 and 28.82 % exhibited the average crushing load of 115.40, 39.95, 138.10 and 151.20 N, respectively. This study suggests that crushing load of Ni-NiO foam is not only depending on the porosity but also on the sintering temperature and crystallite sizes of NiO. HIGHLIGHTS Ni-NiO foam is synthesized using space holding-powder metallurgy and sintering methods Different pore diameter is fabricated for evaluating the effect of porosity on the mechanical properties of bulk porous Ni-NiO foam Crushing strength of Ni-NiO foam is not only depending on the porosity but also on the sintering temperature and crystallite sizes of NiO GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

This research work was endeavored to improve tensile strength of viscose woven fabric by using chemical finishes like water repellent finishes with cross linking agent and softener. In this work, 100% viscose woven fabric was used and different types of samples were prepared by treating water repellent finishes, cross linking agent and softeners. The sample was investigated by tensile strength test (ASTM D5034), spray test (AATCC-22), water vapor test (cup method) and moisture regain test (ASTM D2495 oven dry method). Eight types of recipes were used in this research. For the variation of C 6 -fluorocarbon the sample code-B (C 6 -fluorocarbon 60 g/l, cross-linking agent 15 g/l and softener 10 g/l) showed better result in tensile strength and water spray test. Taking the amount of C 6 -fluorocarbon (60 g/l) as constant and making variation cross linking agent which reached a conclusion that, sample-B1 (C 6 -fluorocarbon 60 g/l, cross-linking agent 05 g/l and softener 10 g/l) showed better result for wet tensile strength, water spray test and moisture regain but showed less water vapor permeability. From this experiment it was evident that recipe which belongs to sample code B1 is suitable for improving the tensile strength of viscose fabric.

This paper puts forth the dominance of SD polyester over the cellulosic cotton fiber. SD polyester being capable of adopting the appearance of cotton fiber and cheaper than cotton fiber that's why cotton fiber is chosen for this paper. The fabric composition consists of 50% of SD polyester and 50% of CD able polyester fiber. The exhaust dyeing process is followed at high temperature. Both SD and CD polyester were dyed at the same time duration of 40 minutes and temperature were 135˚C and 90˚C respectively. For this purpose, experiments were done on 80/20 cotton/polyester and 50/50SD/CD polyester which shows the same results. The results were based on the parameters like GSM, fastness, stitch length and a same dying recipe. After completing the dying process the parameter like shrinkage tolerance (3-5) %, shade matching 3%, wash fastness at 60˚C (4-5) %, wet rubbing fastness (4-5) %, dry rubbing fastness (4-5) %, spirality of fabric 3% (Max) were found. The only drawback of 50/50SD and CD polyester fabric is the coziness of the fabric as cotton fabric is better on this. When all the dyeing parameters and dying process is considered; SD and CD polyester shows better performance than cotton.