Aim:The aims of the study are to detect the presence of Toxoplasma gondii antigen and to determine its distribution location in several organs of domestic cat using immunohistochemistry (IHC) method with Labeled-[Strept] Avidin-Biotin (LAB-SA).Material and Methods:Four domestic cats aged 1-2 years were used as sample in this research. The sample divided into two groups with two cats each. Cats in Group I were positive Toxoplasma based on serologically screening test, while cats in Group II were orally infected with 1×106 Toxoplasma oocyst. All samples then necropsied, and the organs including brain, liver, kidney, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, lungs, and spleen were collected for IHC method with LAB-SA.Result:The result showed that Toxoplasma antigens were detected in ileum of both serologically positive domestic cat and the experimentally infected cats. Toxoplasma was also observed in kidney of serologically positive domestic cat. In the serologically positive domestic cat, necrotic lesions were found on ileum, kidney, and liver, whereas in experimentally infected cat, the lesion was only found on ileum.Conclusion:The presence of Toxoplasma antigen is successfully detected in several organs of domestic cat using IHC method with the LAB-SA.
Abstract:The aim of this research was to know the effect of herbal as immunomodulator on chicken layer vaccinated with avian influenza. A total of 60 chickens were alloted into three treatment groups: control group (KA), group KB and group KC, with 20 chicken each group. All the chickens were vaccinated with Newcastle disease (ND) in the age of one week, and a week later they were vaccinated with avian influenza (AI). The chickens in group KB were drunken with herbal solution containing of 5 g turmeric (Curcuma heyneana Val.) and 25 g phyllanthus (Phyllanthus niruri L.) and group KC were drunken with herbal solution containing of 36 g the herbals formula Viranur and 25 g phyllanthus (Phyllanthus niruri L.), respectively for four weeks. Thirty days after AI vaccinated, all of chicken were weighed and necropsied. Samples from bursa of Fabricius, tymus and spleen were taken for weighing and histopathological examination. The weight indexs of bursa of Fabricius, tymus and spleen were not significantly different between control group and treatment group in the considered statistically significance (P > 0.05), but the treatment groups (KB and KC) had higher weight index. The histopathologically changes of spleen in both control group and treatment groups were not different, although in the group KC, in bursa of Fabricius, there was lymphocyte increase in its lymphoid follicles; and in the group KB and KC, the tymus were more widening in the cortex than medulla. The conclusion of this study showed that the herbals can stimulate lymphocyte activity.
Newcastle Disease (ND) atau yang dikenal dengan “Tetelo” masih menjadi masalah di peternakan unggas komersil, meskipun telah dilakukan vaksinasi ND secara rutin, namun wabah ND masih tetap terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui patogenesitas molekuler dan genotipe virus ND berdasarkan analisis sekuen fragmen gen F, serta melihat hubungan kekerabatan antara isolat dalam penelitian dengan isolat ND di Indonesia sebelumnya serta strain vaksin pada peternakan ayam yang menerapkan vaksinasi ND secara berkala. Penelitian ini menggunakan primer yang didesain dengan konsensus fragmen gen F dari GenBank dan desain dengan aplikasi amplifX pada posisi 91-800 nt dengan panjang 710bp. Urutan basa pada primer kemudian di cek dengan BLAST primer dan di uji spesifisitas dengan beberapa virus penyakit unggas yaitu vaksin infectious bronchitis (IB) 120, virus vaksin infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), virus vaksin avian influenza (AI), dan virus vaksin infectious bursal disease (IBD). Delapan sampel paru diperoleh dari delapan peternakan ayam komersial di Yogyakarta, Semarang, Jakarta, Magelang dan Muntilan. Tiga sampel diisolasi pada telur ayam berembrio dan diidentifikasi menggunakan uji HA dan HI. Lima sampel lain dilakukan ekstraksi secara langsung dari gerusan organ paru. Sampel di identifikasi dengan metode reverse transciptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) untuk mendeteksi gen F menggunakan primer forward 5’ TCT CTT GAT GGC AGG CCT CTT G ‘3 dan reverse 5’ CCG CTA CCG ATT AAT GAG CTG AGT’3 dengan panjang produk 710 bp. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh sampel positif virus ND. Analisis hasil sekuen dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak MEGA v.7 didapatkan susunan asam amino penyusun cleavage site 112RRQKR↓F117 dan 112RRRKR↓F117yang menunjukkan bahwa virus ND tersebut digolongkan strain velogenik. Berdasarkan analisis pohon filogenetik isolat ND-Layer/GK-SR1/2013, ND-Lay/Pullet-80/ 27/16 (N), ND-Bro/Lingga 2L/24/2 (N), dan ND-Lay/Smg-P/2015 merupakan genotip VIIi, sedangkan 3 isolat ND yaitu ND-Bro/Yog-P/2015, JKT/P1/2016 (Jakarta), dan JKT/P2/2016 (Jakarta) merupakan ND genotip VIIh. Jarak genetik isolat yang diteliti dengan virus ND Indonesia yang pernah dilaporkan sebelumnya pada fragmen gen F posisi 91-798 berkisar 0,4 – 9,6 % dengan tingkat homologi mencapai 90,4 – 99,5%.
Aeromonas hydrophila causes a disease that often infects fish and is known as Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia (MAS), Hemorrhagi Septisemia, Ulcer disease or Red-Sore disease. The aims of this study were to develop polyclonal antibody of Aeromonas hydrophila in the rabbits to confirm the diagnosis of Aeromonas hydrophila in the fish by immunohistochemistry staining method. Preparation of polyclonal antibodies was performed on the rabbits used to Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria that have been tested biochemically by intravenous and intraperitoneal injection. Doses of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria were 109 CPU/ml of 0.5 ml at first injection, 1 ml at second injection, 2 ml at thirth injection and 3 ml at fourth injection. Blood serum collection was performed at week 5 after injection from an ear and intracardial vein. The result of antibody titer was 28 = 1024 which measured by tube test. Furthermore, polyclonal antibody was used to immunohistochemistry staining with 400x dilution. The results of the staining showed that an immunopositive reaction in the liver, skin,lien, gill, kidney, and heart of fish to Aeromonas hydrophila antibody. The research conclution was polyclonal antibody from rabbit can be used to accurately confirm the diagnosis of Aeromonas hydrophila based on antigen and antibody reaction.
Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) is an organotin compound which neurotoxic at limbus system and hippocampus in human and animal. Pathology changes that caused by the induction of TMT is a neurodegenerative disorder such as nerve cell death and cognitive impairment. This study was aimed to observe brain pathology induced by TMT with multiple doses for 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment. Twenty seven of Wistar rats, at 2 months of age with weight ranging between 200-300 grams were used and divided randomly into 3 groups (n=9). Group I were injected by trimetyiltin with a dose of 6 mg / kg, group II were injected bytrimetyltin with a dose of 8 mg / kg and group III as control without injection. Observation of brain pathology was done by euthanasia on day 14, 21 and 28 after treatment, three rats each. Cortex and hippocampus of the brainwere observed using Hematoxilin and Eosin staining (HE). All of the research procedure was done with the approval and supervision of Animal Ethics Committee LPPT UGM No. 300/KEC-LPPT/VII/2015. The observation of histopathology of the brain's neuron cells injected by trimetyltin dose of 6 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg body weight was showed increasing cell death of brain neurons in the cortex and hippocampus compared to the control group. The highest cell death was on day 14 in the hippocampus and cortex cerebral on day 21after TMT injection. The neuron cell death characterized by the shrink of brain neurons as well as colored eosinophilic cytoplasm. One way ANOVA statistical analysis showed a significant difference number of neurons cell deathbetween control and treatment groups. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the trimetyltin injection dose of 6 mg / kg and 8 mg / kg of body weight caused neuron cell death in the brain rats from fourteen day aftertreatment, especially in the hippocampus and cortex.
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