IntroductionPhysalis peruviana L. is a species from the family Solanaceae and genus Physalis, commonly known as Cape gooseberry (also known as physalis, golden berry, etc.). It is an herbaceous, semishrub, perennial plant, native to tropical Peru and other warm temperate and subtropical regions throughout the world (Ramirez et al., 2013). Cape gooseberry resembles tomato in flavor and appearance, though the sour and sweet taste is richer in this tropical fruit. This plant has increasing popularity due to its nutritional and medicinal values. Cape gooseberry is a source of health-related compounds found in the fruits and other parts of the plant, including leaves and stems. It has been widely used for treating diabetes, hepatitis, ulcers, and several other diseases (Mayorga et al., 2002;Arun and Asha, 2007). It also contains high levels of vitamins A, C, and B-complex, as well as compounds with antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties (Strik, 2007). Wu et al. (2009) reported that supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of P. peruviana leaves induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. Similarly, Çakir et al. (2014) reported that phenolic content of ethanolic leaf extracts (100 µg mL -1 ) possessed high cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells (an immortal cell line).The use of tissue culture methods for the selection of the best cultivars for agricultural practices and clonal propagation might be conducive for micropropagation, especially when taking into account high consumption due to value-added natural compounds, limited plant production, and requirements of manpower, transport, and storage (Rodrigues et al., 2013a). Though P. peruviana was reported as recalcitrant for shoot organogenesis through adventitious regeneration from leaf explants (Torres, 1991), there are a limited number of in vitro regeneration studies concerning the micropropagation of P. peruviana (Rodrigues et al., 2013b), not containing information about the synergistic effects of plant growth regulator (PGR) combinations on growth parameters. Several studies on in vitro propagation of other Physalis species, including P. minima, P. ixocarpa, and P. pruinosa,

An efficient in vitro regeneration system was developed for the ornamental Muscari armeniacum on Linsmaier and Skoog basal medium (LS) supplemented with benzyladenine (BA) at varying concentrations (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/L) alone or in combination with 0.5 mg/L α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The highest mean number of direct somatic embryo formations was observed on LS medium containing 2.0 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L NAA, with a mean of 7.9 somatic embryos per explant after 10 weeks of culture. Green nodular calli induced on LS medium containing 5.0 mg/L BA alone or in combination with 0.5 mg/L NAA were transferred to LS medium supplemented with or without 0.5 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA3) for 8 weeks, producing 23.3 immature bulblets. Immature bulblets produced in vitro were either embedded in a sodium alginate matrix for the encapsulation process or were transferred directly to LS medium supplemented with or without GA 3 at 0.5 or 1.0 mg/L for growth and development for 6 weeks. Encapsulated bulblets were then stored at 4 °C in darkness for 10 weeks and almost all encapsulated bulblets retained their viability and resumed their growth under nonaxenic greenhouse conditions.

This report describes an efficient plant regeneration system for the medicinal plant Lythrum salicaria via direct adventitious shoot development from leaf and stem explants. Leaf explants were much more responsive to regeneration than stem segments. Of the hormonal combinations tested, those involving thidiazuron (TDZ; 0.1, 0.3 or 0.5 mg dm -3 ) were more effective than the combinations of other hormones and 0.1 mg dm -3 TDZ combined with either indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was the most productive. Rooting was readily achieved when multiple shoots were singled out and cultured on medium containing different auxins. IAA was the most effective on root development in terms of both the number of roots per shoot and the frequency of rooted shoots. More than 90 % of the regenerants survived after hardening for four weeks at gradually decreased air humidity.Additional key words: auxins, direct adventitious shoot development, leaf explants, purple loosestrife, stem explants, thidiazuron.⎯⎯⎯⎯ Lythrum salicaria L. (purple loosestrife) is a perennial wetland herb belonging to the family Lythraceae. It has a widespread circumpolar distribution throughout the northern hemisphere with the exception of extremely cold and arctic regions. Micropropagation of many medicinal plant species has been achieved through various tissue culture techniques. In many cases, actively growing shoot-tips or axillary buds, both of which already contain de nova primordia, were used as a starting material (Heuser 1982, Heuser 1983, Rout et al. 2000, Kalia et al. 2007, Loureiro et al. 2007, Mallikarjuna and Rajendrudu 2007, Vasudevan et al. 2007). The present study describes, to our knowledge for the first time, an efficient in vitro plant regeneration protocol for L. salicaria via direct adventitious shoot development from leaf explants cultured on medium containing different concentrations and combinations of various plant growth regulators.Seeds of L. salicaria were collected from the vicinity of Lake Abant, Bolu, Turkey in 2006. Seeds were washed with an anti-bacterial soap, rinsed with distilled water and surface sterilized by shaking in 70 % ethanol for 20 min, rinsed well with sterilized distilled water and then dipped into 20 % Domestos ® (5 % sodium hypochloride) for 25 min, finally followed by washing with sterile distilled water three times. Sterilized seeds were germinated in plastic Petri dishes containing Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium with minimum organics (MSMO) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) supplemented with 30 g dm -3 sucrose, 8 g dm -3 Difco-Bacto agar (pH 5.7, autoclaved for 20 min at 121 °C and 105 kPa). After a one-week incubation on this medium, seedlings were transferred to Magenta containers (GA-7, Sigma) containing the same medium for an additional three weeks. For shoot regeneration, leaf lamina pieces (5 × 5 mm) and stem internode segments (5 mm) explants were excised from 4-week-old sterile seedlings and placed in plastic Petri dishes containing 20 cm 3 MSMO medium suplemented with different...

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