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area, length, width, thickness, surface area, geometric mean diameter), shape (shape index, sphericity, roundness, and elongation), and gravimetric (mass and volume) features of the 17 common hazelnut cultivars were also determined via an image processing technique.An analysis of variance was performed to test the differences among these variables in a descriptive method. We found that EFA provided excellent discrimination between the hazelnut cultivars with respect to their shape features. Elliptische Fourier-Analyse in der Formunterscheidung für türkische Haselnuss-KultivareZusammenfassung Für Agrarprodukte stellt die Form der Frucht eine wesentliche physikalische Eigenschaft dar und ist folglich ein wichtiger Parameter, der die Qualität widerspiegelt. In der vorliegende Studie wurden anhand digitaler Bilder und mit Hilfe von Formdeskriptoren aus der elliptischen Fourier-Analyse (EFA), einer formbasierten Methodik, Formvariationen unter den siebzehn in der Türkei angebauten Haselnuss-Kultivaren festgestellt. Im nächsten Schritt wurde eine Hauptkomponentenanalyse (Principal Component Analysis (PCA)) eingesetzt, um die Variationen unter den Kultivaren zusammenzufassen. Anschließend wurde eine lineare Diskriminanzanalyse durchgeführt -hierfür wurden die ersten vier Hauptkomponenten aus der PCA, die 93,9 % der Gesamtvarianz darstellen, verwendet, um zwischen den siebzehn verschiedenen Kultivaren zu unterscheiden. Die Berechnungen der Hotellingsche T-Quadrat-Verteilung (aus dem Gebiet der Abstract Shape is a crucial physical property of agricultural products and hence is an important parameter for assessing the quality standard. In the present study, shape variations among 17 hazelnut cultivars grown in Turkey were revealed from their digital images using shape descriptors obtained from elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA), which is a shape-based methodology. Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to summarize the variations among the hazelnut cultivars. This was followed by linear discriminant analysis using the first four principal components, representing 93.9 % of the total variance, obtained from the PCA to discriminate the 17 hazelnut cultivars. Estimates of Hotelling's pairwise comparisons from the multivariate analysis based on the shape variables obtained from the EFA revealed ideal shape differences between the hazelnut cultivars. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the cultivars into six clusters according to their shape characteristics. In addition, size (projected

This study focused on determining the effect of various strainer types and their usage without strainer on the flow and droplet velocity characteristics of ceramic flat-fan nozzles. The nozzle types discussed are the standard (APE), low pressure drift reduction (ADI), and wide pressure range (AXI). The results of this study show that the orifice coefficient (k) of the ADI nozzle with a preorifice was lower than those of the API and AXI nozzles. The ball check strainers had a limiting effect on the nozzle's flow rate. The pressure exponent coefficients (n) were 0.57 for the API nozzle and 0.62 for the ADI and AXI nozzles used with ball check strainers. The n coefficient ranged from 0.47 to 0.49 for the API and AXI nozzles and from 0.50 to 0.53 for the ADI nozzle, used with typical strainers and without a strainer. The flow rate deviations of APE, ADI, and AXI nozzles used with a ball check strainer were determined as -12.0%, -11.4%, and -14.5%, respectively. The lowest C d means were found in all nozzle types with ball check strainers, and the means were determined as 0.45, 0.58, and 0.71 for the ADI, AXI, and API nozzles, respectively. The C d means of the nozzles with typical strainers, which is the same as usage without a strainer, were between 0.58 and 0.60 for the ADI nozzle, 0.82 and 0.85 for the AXI nozzle, and 0.91 and 0.94 for the API nozzle. Knowledge of the discharge coefficient of the nozzles used with various strainer types provided a reasonable estimation of the maximum droplet velocity at the nozzle orifice exit. The maximum droplet velocity at the nozzle orifice exit increased as droplet size increased. The droplets produced by the nozzles with ball check strainers had features that restricted the nozzle's flow. These were higher maximum velocity, kinetic energy, and stopping distance.

Fruit size and shape are important physical characteristics in designing relevant equipment, sorting, sizing and packaging systems. Therefore, the properties of size and shape of the sweet orange cultivar, ‘Valencia’, and its three mutants, ‘A70’, ‘A77’, and ‘A88’ were determined by image processing. The blood orange cultivar, ‘Moro’, was also included in this analysis. The volume of each cultivar and mutant was measured by the liquid displacement method. Linear equations with high R2 values were developed in order to estimate the surface area and geometric mean diameter, which were dependent upon the mass and volume of the orange samples. The results of this study showed that the ‘A70’ mutant differed from the other mutants and the ‘Valencia’ cultivar in regard to most physical properties. The ‘A70’ and ‘A88’ mutants and the ‘Valencia’ cultivar had the highest sphericity values, which varied from 96.41% to 97.18%. The lowest shape factor was found in the ‘Valencia’ cultivar, with a mean of 0.73. The elongation of the ‘A88’ mutant and ‘Valencia’ (1.07 each) was smaller than that of the other cultivars. The highest coefficient of variance was observed within the ‘Valencia’ and ‘Moro’ cultivars in most physical properties, suggesting that the ‘Valencia’ mutants produce more homogeneous fruits than the ‘Valencia’ cultivar itself.

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IntroductionField crops are defined as any of the herbaceous plants grown on a large scale in cultivated fields, primarily grains, forage, sugar, oil, or fiber crops that are used as raw material by various branches of industry (Zia-Ul-Haq et al., 2014;Ahmad et al., 2015;Cesur et al., 2018).Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) is a perennial, deeprooted, drought-resistant, common forage legume. It is a good source for animal feeding, veterinary, soil improvement, and bee pollen and nectar. It ranks third among forage legumes after alfalfa and cow vetches, with acreage of 193,694 ha, and had a production of 1,982,047 tons in Turkey in 2016 (TÜİK, 2017). Information about the physical and mechanical properties of the plants is necessary in the design and development of machines such as choppers, mowers, harrows, and balers. Methods and procedures for determining the mechanical and rheological properties of agricultural products were described by Mohsenin (1980). Several studies have been conducted to determine the mechanical properties of plants. The bending and shearing properties of the stem or stalk of plants, together with the modulus elasticity when bending, are important mechanical properties for the design of cutting or chopping units. These mechanical properties vary depending on the species, variety, climatic conditions, stalk diameter, plant stem height, moisture content, cellular structure, and maturity. Many studies have been carried out to determine the mechanical properties of plant stems, such as sorghum (Cattopadhyay

IntroductionFlat-fan spray nozzles are widely used nozzle types in pesticide applications. The nozzle orifice, which is rectangular or oval-shaped, is located in the middle of the V-shaped channel on the nozzle body. The spray angles of these nozzles are manufactured with eight different color codes ranging from 65° to 120°. Flow rates of these nozzles are mainly affected by the function of the orifice size and spray pressure, which are the variable parameters. The nozzle flow rate, which is one of the most important measure parameters after manufacturing, is an indicator of nozzle quality. The flow rate at spray pressure of 276 kPa (40 psi) of a nozzle manufactured with different color codes and orifice sizes has been standardized by the ISO International Standards (ISO, 1996) and the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Standards (ASABE Standards, 2009). According to hydraulic principles, the flow rate of a nozzle is proportional to the square root of spray pressure. This means that the exponent coefficient of spray pressure is 0.50. This is commonly applied to all nozzles, but it is in fact erroneous to do so. In particular, nonspiral design full cone nozzles and wide angle full cone nozzles have an exponent of 0.46 or 0.44 (Spraying Systems Co., 2014). This information indicates that the flow characteristics of a nozzle depend on its design attributes.Sayıncı (2014) determined that the nozzle strainers lead to change in the pressure exponent coefficient, which is the relation between flow rates and spray pressures of spray nozzles. The exponent coefficient ranged between 0.48 and 0.49 for the nozzles used with standard types of nozzle strainers, and between 0.55 and 0.57 for the nozzles used with ball check strainers.Nozzle strainers, which are a crucial part of a sprayer, are located in the nozzle body to screen out the debris

Some physical such as length, width, thickness, mass, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and surface area and mechanical properties such as deformation at cracking, cracking force, energy absorbed and hardness of nuts and kernels were determined at three orientations first time for two walnut cultivars, namely 'Maraş-18' and 'Yalova-1' widely grown in Turkey. For nuts, the average length (45.48 mm), mass (12.70 g), geometric mean diameter (36.83 mm) and surface area (42.66 cm 2 ) were the highest in cv. 'Yalova-1' while width (34.18 mm), thickness (33.74 mm), shell thickness (1.48 mm) and sphericity (87.41%) were the highest in cv. 'Maraş-18' . For all the loading orientations, the values of deformation at cracking, cracking force, energy absorbed and hardness of cv. 'Maraş-18' were higher than those of cv. 'Yalova-1' . The effect of loading orientation to kernel extraction quality was found insignificant for both walnut cultivars.