Introduction: Prostate gland involved by a no. of benign and malignant diseases is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly men. The present study was an attempt to understand the histopathological spectrum of prostatic lesions in the specimens received by a tertiary care hospital.Material and Methods: 433 cases of prostatic specimens including TURP chips, TRUS guided biopsies and Prostatic specimens received in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College Srinagar were included in the present study. There were 344 needle biopsies and 82 TURP chips. All the specimens were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and thin sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain (H&E stain). Relevant clinical data including age, the presenting complaints and S.PSA values in suspected cases of carcinoma prostate were recorded.Results: A total of 433 prostate specimens were received during the period of three years. The specimens included 344 TURP chips and 82 TRUS guided biopsies. 7 prostectomy specimens were also included. The age of the patients varied from 42 years to 89 years. There were 380 benign cases and 53 malignant cases. The most common presenting feature was increased frequency of micturition followed by difficulty in starting and stopping the stream of urine. Among benign lesions the most frequent histopathologi cal entity observed was benign nodular hyperplasia. The most common age of presentation was the sixth to seventh decade of life. Almost all neoplasms of the prostate were prostatic adenocarcinomas with most of the cases seen in the sixth to seventh decade of life with another peak in the seventh to eight decade of life. Conclusion:A variety of benign and malignant lesions are seen in prostatic specimens. These need to be differentiated and classified. Benign nodular hyperplasia is the most common benign lesion and prostatic adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant lesion of Prostate. Perineural invasion is a significant finding and guide. Serum PSA is a useful adjunct in cases where the values are higher.
Background: Distribution of blood groups varies demographically. ABO and Rh blood group systems are major clinically signicant blood group systems despite that more than 400 red cell antigens have been identied. Blood groups are genetically determined. ABO and Rh blood groups systems besides being most important in blood transfusion, are also important in forensic pathology, disease susceptibility and population genetics. This study aims to determine frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among the permanent residents of northern areas of Kashmir valley adjacent to line of control. Aim and Objective: The present study was designed to determine frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among blood donors in northern areas of Kashmir valley adjacent to line of control and compare the results with data available from studies conducted with in India and other countries. Material and Methods: This study was a two and half years prospective study conducted in the department of Pathology Government Medical College Baramulla from January 2020 to June 2022 . Only permanent residents of northern areas of Kashmir valley were included in the study. Blood donors who were not permanent residents of northern areas were excluded from the study. Blood donors were selected after proper history and complete examination. Blood donors fullling all eligibility criteria's for blood donation were selected. Determination of ABO and Rh status was done by tile method of agglutination using commercially available anti-Seras. Results: Out of total 4609 voluntary blood donors 4104 (89.04%) were Rh positive and 505 (10.96%) were Rh Negative. 1338 (29.03%) were O positive,1333 (28.92%) were B positive, 1025 (22.23%) were Apositive, 408 (8.8%) were AB positive, 187 (4.05%) were O negative, 156 (3.38%) were B negative, 102 (2.21%) were Anegative and 60 (1.30%) were AB negative. Conclusion: In the Northern areas of Kashmir valley adjacent to line of control O Positive is the most prevalent blood group followed by B positive and AB negative is least prevalent followed by Anegative.
Introduction: Pure squamous cell carcinoma is an exceptional malignancy with a few case series available in literature. The overall clinical and pathological picture is highly variable and prognosis dismal. Our study describes a series of 4 patients who presented with squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder along with their clinico-pathological characteristics. Materials and Methods: The clinical presentation, laboratory investigations, radiological details were retrieved from the hospital records. The gross features and histopathological findings were collected from the departmental archival material and were analyzed by a single pathologist. Result: The clinical and pathological picture of the patients with pure squamous cell carcinoma was highly variable. The radiological features varied from a diffuse thickening of gall bladder wall, a exophytic intraluminal mass in the gall bladder to a large homogenous irregular mass in the right hypochondrium on ultrasonography. The gross features of gall bladder specimens varied from a diffuse infiltrating growth, a polypoid mass arising from the wall, to a large highly friable mass in right hypochondrium infiltrating into adjacent colon. The microscopic features varied from a tumor composed of groups, islands or nests of atypical squamous cells with dyskeratosis and keratin pearl formation to a tumor comprising of cells arranged in solid sheets with areas of comedo necrosis and keratin pearl formation. The prognosis was dismal. Conclusion:The clinical features and overall survival of patients with pure squamous cell carcinoma is more or less similar to the more common adenocarcinoma of gallbladder, however, the no. of cases studied is small to draw conclusions indicating the need for more extensive study.
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