Abstract. High-resolution mapping of fuel combustion and CO2 emission provides valuable information for modeling pollutant transport, developing mitigation policy, and for inverse modeling of CO2 fluxes. Previous global emission maps included only few fuel types, and emissions were estimated on a grid by distributing national fuel data on an equal per capita basis, using population density maps. This process distorts the geographical distribution of emissions within countries. In this study, a sub-national disaggregation method (SDM) of fuel data is applied to establish a global 0.1° × 0.1° geo-referenced inventory of fuel combustion (PKU-FUEL) and corresponding CO2 emissions (PKU-CO2) based upon 64 fuel sub-types for the year 2007. Uncertainties of the emission maps are evaluated using a Monte Carlo method. It is estimated that CO2 emission from combustion sources including fossil fuel, biomass, and solid wastes in 2007 was 11.2 Pg C yr−1 (9.1 Pg C yr−1 and 13.3 Pg C yr−1 as 5th and 95th percentiles). Of this, emission from fossil fuel combustion is 7.83 Pg C yr−1, which is very close to the estimate of the International Energy Agency (7.87 Pg C yr−1). By replacing national data disaggregation with sub-national data in this study, the average 95th minus 5th percentile ranges of CO2 emission for all grid points can be reduced from 417 to 68.2 Mg km−2 yr−1. The spread is reduced because the uneven distribution of per capita fuel consumptions within countries is better taken into account by using sub-national fuel consumption data directly. Significant difference in per capita CO2 emissions between urban and rural areas was found in developing countries (2.08 vs. 0.598 Mg C/(cap. × yr)), but not in developed countries (3.55 vs. 3.41 Mg C/(cap. × yr)). This implies that rapid urbanization of developing countries is very likely to drive up their emissions in the future.

No abstract

High-resolution mapping of fuel combustion and CO₂ emission provides valuable information for inferring terrestrial carbon balance, modeling pollutant transport, and developing mitigation strategies. Previous inventories included only a limited number of fuel types and anthropogenic emissions were mapped using national population proxies which may distort the geographical distribution within countries. In this study, a sub-national disaggregation method (SDM) was applied to establish a global 0.1°×0.1° geo-referenced inventory of fuel combustion (PKU-FUEL) and a corresponding CO₂ emission inventory (PKU-CO₂) based upon 64 fuel sub-types for the year 2007. Uncertainties of the new inventories were evaluated using a Monte Carlo method. The total combustion CO₂ emission in 2007 was 11.2 (9.11 and 13.3 as 5th and 95th percentiles) Pg C yr⁻¹. By replacing national disaggregation with sub-national disaggregation in this study, the average 95th minus 5th percentile ranges of CO₂ emission for all grids can be reduced from 417 to 68.2 Mg km⁻² yr⁻¹, indicating a significant reduction in uncertainty, because the uneven distribution of per-capita fuel consumptions within countries has been taken into account by using the sub-national fuel consumption data directly. Significant difference in per-capita CO₂ emissions between urban and rural areas was found in developing nations (2.09 vs. 0.600 Mg C cap⁻¹ yr⁻¹), but not in developed ones (3.57 vs. 3.42 Mg C cap⁻¹ yr⁻¹), suggesting strong influence of the rapid urbanization of these countries on the carbon emission. By using the CO₂ emission product, a new spatial pattern of terrestrial carbon sink was derived and the impact of sub-national disaggregation is discussed

The measurement of intense E-fields is a fundamental need in various research areas. Integrated optical E-field sensors (IOESs) have important advantages and are potentially suitable for intense E-field detection. This paper comprehensively reviews the development and applications of several types of IOESs over the last 30 years, including the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), coupler interferometer (CI) and common path interferometer (CPI). The features of the different types of IOESs are compared, showing that the MZI has higher sensitivity, the CI has a controllable optical bias, and the CPI has better temperature stability. More specifically, the improvement work of applying IOESs to intense E-field measurement is illustrated. Finally, typical uses of IOESs in the measurement of intense E-fields are demonstrated, including application areas such as E-fields with different frequency ranges in high-voltage engineering, simulated nuclear electromagnetic pulse in high-power electromagnetic pulses, and ion-accelerating field in high-energy physics.

Background: Exposure to general anesthesia damages the spatial memory of aged rodents, but its role in the young adult has not been well investigated. This study was conducted to determine the effects of single and repeated isoflurane exposure on spatial memory in young adult mice. Methods: The experimental design comprised three series of experiments. In the first series, animals (2 months old) were randomly exposed to 1.4% isoflurane for 2 or 6 h or vehicle gas for 6 h (n=15 in each group). The Morris water maze (MWM) test was performed at 48 h after anesthetic exposure to evaluate spatial memory. In the second part, animals were randomly exposed to 1.4% isoflurane (isoflurane group, n=15) or vehicle gas only (control group, n=15) for 2 h/day on 5 consecutive days. Forty‐eight hours later, the MWM was performed. In the third part, animals were randomized into an isoflurane group (n=15) and a control group (n=15) as in the second part of the experiment. Two weeks later, the MWM was performed. Results: The mean escape latency time and the mean pathway length measured at 48 h after repeated isoflurane exposure decreased significantly compared with the control. However, there was no difference between the two groups when tested at 2 weeks after repeated isoflurane exposure. A single exposure to isoflurane lasting 2 or 6 h had no effect on the performance of mice in the MWM as compared with the control. Conclusion: Repeated but not single isoflurane exposure temporarily improved the spatial memory of young adult mice.