Supplementary material to &amp;quot;High resolution mapping of combustion processes and implications for CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; emissions&amp;quot;

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There is increasing evidence indicating the critical role of ammonia (NH) in the formation of secondary aerosols. Therefore, high quality NH emission inventory is important for modeling particulate matter in the atmosphere. Unfortunately, without directly measured emission factors (EFs) in developing countries, using data from developed countries could result in an underestimation of these emissions. A series of newly reported EFs for China provide an opportunity to update the NH emission inventory. In addition, a recently released fuel consumption data product has allowed for a multisource, high-resolution inventory to be assembled. In this study, an improved global NH emission inventory for combustion and industrial sources with high sectorial (70 sources), spatial (0.1° × 0.1°), and temporal (monthly) resolutions was compiled for the years 1960 to 2013. The estimated emissions from transportation (1.59 Tg) sectors in 2010 was 2.2 times higher than those of previous reports. The spatial variation of the emissions was associated with population, gross domestic production, and temperature. Unlike other major air pollutants, NH emissions continue to increase, even in developed countries, which is likely caused by an increased use of biomass fuel in the residential sector. The emissions density of NH in urban areas is an order of magnitude higher than in rural areas.

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of a Global High-Resolution Ammonia Emission Inventory for Combustion and Industrial Sources with New Data from the Residential and Transportation Sectors

Meng

Zhong

Yun

et al. 2017

119

112

“…To avoid the spatial bias of gridded industrial energy consumption to the greatest extent, we first predicted the industrial energy consumption of prefecture-level cities using region-specific regression equations, which have been widely adopted in previous studies. 6,13,31 Such regionspecific regression equations can be established using provincial industrial energy consumption and economic and social parameters (i.e., total population, secondary gross domestic product (GDP 2 ), secondary and tertiary industrial GDP (GDP 23 )). Both linear and nonlinear regression models were tested for quantitative relationships.…”

Section: Subnational Fuel Data Disaggregation Methods Usingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10,11 As an important pollutant source, industrial activities can seriously affect the spatial distribution of pollutant emissions. 3,12,13 To date, substantial progress has been made in calculating the total pollutant emissions for industrial sources at the country/province scale due to the development of emission factor measurement technology 14,15 and the large amount of publicly available industrial energy consumption data. 16,17 With point sources, however, caution must be used when down-scaling all of the industrial emissions data to a grid.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some efforts have been made to reduce the bias caused by downscaling emissions using a proxy-based method. 3,12,13 For example, Wang et al 13 provided a subnational disaggregation method, which first obtains the subnational industrial energy consumption using region-specific models and then allocates the subnational industrial energy consumption to the grid using population. This method improved the accuracy of gridded industrial emissions, but it cannot avoid the spatial bias caused by the proxy-based method.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

New Method for Improving Spatial Allocation Accuracy of Industrial Energy Consumption and Implications for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions in China

Wang

et al. 2019

The variety of spatial allocation methods for industrial sources can significantly affect the distribution of a gridded pollutant emission inventory. Although uncertainties in current emissions inventories have been discussed extensively, uncertainties resulting from improper spatial proxies have rarely been evaluated. Here, a new subnational fuel data disaggregation method using points-of-interest (POI) data (DPOI) for industrial sources was developed. We compared the accuracies of DPOI and six other spatial allocation methods at the city scale and within the city and found that DPOI had the highest accuracy. Using a population proxy may over-estimate the industrial energy consumption in urban centers or other densely populated areas. We further applied the DPOI to establish a 0.05° × 0.05° gridded industrial polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions inventory in 2016. There are obvious spatial differences in industrial PAH emissions, and high industrial PAH emissions are mainly concentrated in North China and East China. Although some limitations exist, we believe that POI data and the DPOI method have great potential in the field of gridded pollutant emissions inventories and that they can further reduce the spatial allocation uncertainty of gridded emissions inventories.

“…17 The model is run at a horizontal resolution of approximately 1.9 • × 1.9 • (latitude × longitude), with 28 vertical levels, and is driven by NCEP reanalysis meteorology. Anthropogenic BC emissions are developed by researchers at Peking University (PKU-BC 2011) 30 based on a global 0.1°× 0.1°fuel combustion data set (PKU-FUEL-2011 covering 64 fuel combustion processes) 52 and an updated emission factor BC (EF BC ) data set. 5 Biomass burning emissions are acquired from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) version 3.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and Radiative Forcing of Black Carbon Aerosol: Production and Consumption Perspectives

Meng

Liu

et al. 2018

Air pollution, a threat to air quality and human health, has attracted ever-increasing attention in recent years. In addition to having local influence, air pollutants can also travel the globe via atmospheric circulation and international trade. Black carbon (BC), emitted from incomplete combustion, is a unique but representative particulate pollutant. This study tracked down the BC aerosol and its direct radiative forcing to the emission sources and final consumers using the global chemical transport model (MOZART-4), the rapid radiative transfer model for general circulation simulations (RRTM), and a multiregional input-output analysis (MRIO). BC was physically transported (i.e., atmospheric transport) from western to eastern countries in the midlatitude westerlies, but its magnitude is near an order of magnitude higher if the virtual flow embodied in international trade is considered. The transboundary effects on East and South Asia by other regions increased from about 3% (physical transport only) to 10% when considering both physical and virtual transport. The influence efficiency on East Asia was also large because of the comparatively large emission intensity and emission-intensive exports (e.g., machinery and equipment). The radiative forcing in Africa imposed by consumption from Europe, North America, and East Asia (0.01 Wm) was even larger than the total forcing in North America. Understanding the supply chain and incorporating both atmospheric and virtual transport may improve multilateral cooperation on air pollutant mitigation both domestically and internationally.