Chronic non-infectious diseases are the leading cause of premature death according to the WHO data. This review considers the evolution of studying and modern views of domestic and foreign authors on the role of skeletal muscles in maintaining health and preventing chronic non-infectious diseases. An idea regarding the nervous and reflex influence from the working muscles on both individual organs and the body as a whole is presented. The role of myokines, specific proteins produced by skeletal muscles, capable of influencing the state of many organs and systems, is described.
Aim. To characterize the remodeling of brachiocephalic arteries in patients with instable angina, taking into account morphological type. Materials and methods. Duplex scanning of brachiocephalic arteries was performed in 66 patients with instable angina and 59 practically healthy persons, comparable by sex and age. Results. It was established that in patients with instable angina remodeling of the vessels of brachiocephalic region occurs earlier, than in healthy persons, and diameter of the vessels of elastic type is changed to a greater degree. Remodeling of diameters is associated with the elevation of pumping ability of the heart. IMC of the vessels of combined and muscular types of brachiocephalic region in patients is essentially larger already by the age of 40 and grows with age. Conclusions. Hardness of the wall of brachiocephalic arteries of all types is higher in patients, than in healthy persons and grows with aging, with increase in pulse and systolic pressure, dyslipidemia.
Aim. To study the correlation between the body fat mass (BFM) and the structural-functional characteristics of right ventricle (RV) in patients with different body mass, suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Materials and methods. Echocardiography, ultrasound determination of subcutaneous and premesenterial layer thickness, assessment of leptin level was performed in 72 COPD patients, who were divided into three groups: group 1 – patients with normal body mass (n = 31), group 2 – patients with excess weight (n = 21), group 3 – patients with class I-II obesity (n= 20).
Results. Among COPD patients, body mass index (BMI) growth causes increase in BFM and subcutaneous and premesenterial fat thickness, elevation in blood serum leptin level, but decrease in lean body mass (LBM). The global longitudinal systolic strain of the free wall of RV in COPD patients with obesity (–17.39 ± 3.64, p = 0.002) and elevated body mass (–17.96 ± 5.69, p = 0.006) is reduced.
Conclusions. Among COPD patients with different body mass, the global longitudinal systolic strain of RV free wall aggravates as leptin level and body fat mass grow that can be the reflection of mechanical exposure and epicardial fat pressure on the right ventricle.
The overweight and obese persons without cardiovascular diseases were found to have eccentric remodeling of elastic and muscular-and-elastic vessels: the carotid arteries and aorta in conjunction with increased intima-media thickness, reduced blood flow velocities, and atherosclerotic vascular changes. These changes are most pronounced in the obese persons with high normal BP. In all the groups, atherosclerotic changes are encountered mainly in the brachiocephalic arteries at the extracranial level.
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