Objectives: Almost each year, a few Salmonella serovars isolated for the first time are noted in Poland. Each such serovar should be regarded as potentially dangerous. Recognition of them and monitoring their occurrence and frequency of distribution in all sources is important to control salmonellosis, and is one of the roles of the National Salmonella Centre. Materials and Methods: Over 2000 Salmonella strains submitted to the National Salmonella Centre for reference identification were examined. All of them were isolated in Poland between 1995−2007 from human and non-human sources. They were serotyped and characterized biochemically according to standard techniques. The antigenic factors were identified by means of good-quality Salmonella specific rabbit antisera. The White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme was used to name the serovars. Results: One hundred and forty-five serovars were recognized. Fifty-two of them appeared for the first time in Poland. One serovar was found to be the new one. Its validation was done at the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella (Institut Pasteur, Paris, France). It will be included in the next (10th) edition of the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme. Conclusions: Salmonella will continue to be the feature of humans, animals and the general environment. For practical purposes, we have to accept that Salmonella will not be eliminated and we must address our efforts to its controlling. Measuring trends in Salmonella serovars over time ought to be done to provide information about the efficacy of prevention and control measures. Results of this study are significant for these activities. They have also allowed to update the list of Salmonella serovars isolated in Poland during the last fifty years (1957−2007) which is presented as well.
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Two molecular biology methods were used to differentiate Salmonella enterica 1,4,[5],12:i:- strains: “Salmonella Check&Trace microarray” (CT) and multiplex PCR (mPCR). For 92 strains in CT result “Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-“ were obtained. Those strains were confirmed in mPCR as monophasic fljB-lack Salmonella Typhimurium. For 17 strains, which in CT assay were recognized as Salmonella Typhimurium, the same identification was obtained in mPCR. Reference Salmonella strains: Lagos, Agama, Tsevie, Glocester and Tumodi in CT were recognized as Salmonella genovar, in mPCR – as Salmonella O:4, H:i other than Salmonella Typhimurium, the same like Salmonella Farsta, recognized incorrectly in CT as Salmonella Typhimurium.
THE usefulness of egg yolk antibody testing for preliminary screening of flocks for infection with Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis has been demonstrated in several different contexts (Gast and Beard 1991, van de Giessen and others 1992, Gast and others 1997a, b). ELISA has been widely used for this purpose (Barrow 1994), but only sporadic data are available from egg yolk antibody testing in S Enteritidis-infected hens by agglutinationbased systems. The microantiglobulin test, an agglutination technique capable of detecting non-agglutinating incomplete antibodies, provided promising results (Gast and Beard 1991). However, the practical difficulties in performing the test for screening a large number of eggs outweigh its potential advantages (Barrow 1994). The simple rapid slide test performed poorly in one naturally infected flock examined by Cooper and others (1989). Investigations carried out on serum samples indicated that slide agglutination would preferentially identify S Enteritidis-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M-producing birds (Barrow 1994). The predominant antibody isotype of chicken egg yolk is IgG (also called IgY). The concentrations of IgM, which contributes considerably to the agglutination reactions in serum (Nicholas and Cullen 1991), are low in egg yolks (Losch 1996). Recently, however, Terzolo and others ( 1998) found that IgG antibodies extracted from egg yolks of hens which had been immunised with S Enteritidis bacterin were able to agglutinate S Enteritidis somatic and flagellar antigens effectively in slide and tube agglutination tests. The presence of agglutinins in egg yolks was also observed by Saga and others (1990) by using the haemagglutination test. The potency of the egg yolk agglutinins was similar to that of serum agglutinins. This short communication describes a study which was undertaken to compare the abilities of the slide agglutination and haemagglutination assays with those of ELISA in detecting natural S Enteritidis infections in hens by testing egg yolks for the presence of specific antibodies.Eggs for the investigation were collected randomly from three selected commercial laying flocks which had been tested bacteriologically for Salmonella by the Regional Institute of Veterinary Public Health (flock A, in which, during the egg sampling time, active S Enteritidis infection was observed, and S Enteritidis was isolated from cloacal swab specimens and internal organs of hens; flock B, in which S Enteritidis infection had been detected several months previously, and at the time of egg sampling, bacteria were occasionally isolated from cloacal swabs from several birds; and flock C, which was repeatedly negative for Salmonella by bacteriological examination). After ammonium sulphate precipitation, carried out by a similar method to that described by Akita and Nakai ( 1992) except Number of positive results Number of egg Indirect Slide Flock yolks tested haemagglutination ELISA agglutination A 21 17 15 9 B 16 5 6 3 C 25 0 0 0 that 30 per cent satura...
Hsp60 of Salmonella Enteritidis appears to be involved in pathogenesis of infectious processes and host immune responses. Because of the similarities between microbial and human Hsps, a humoral response against microbial Hsps may be destructive for the host due to antigen mimicry leading to an autoimmune response. We have performed a preliminary study to investigate whether the homology between Hsp60 of Salmonella Enteritidis and human Hsp60 really exists. ELISA tests were done with success to show that polyclonal antibodies developed against Hsp60 of Salmonella Enteritidis recognize and cross-react with human Hsp60 and one of its seven synthetic peptides used in the study. It was revealed that the antigenic epitopes, which both the proteins have in common, are located between 409 and 424 amino acid residues of human Hsp60 molecule, and are determined by the amino acid sequence of human Hsp60 (409-424) synthetic peptide, the same sequence which was found by other authors to be an immunodominant epitope in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The results show the presence of an immunological and sequence similarity between bacterial Hsp60 and its human counterpart, and suggest that human Hsp60 could be a possible target of immune response triggered by Hsp60 of Salmonella Enteritidis. Salmonella Enteritidis Hsp60 might be potentially involved in autoimmune mechanisms operating in humans. This conclusion must be considered preliminary and hypothesis-generating than hypothesis-proving.
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