The development and introduction of injectable biomaterials and the identification of methods through which materials may form in situ are currently the topics of interest in materials science, specifically in the field of biomaterials. Over the last few decades, hydrogels which refers to the swellable polymeric matrices have gained wide attention due to their excellent characteristics such as swelling in different media, pH and temperature sensitivity, and sensitivity to other stimuli. Nowadays, injectable hydrogels have widely been studied due to their excellent insitu gelation at body temperature. These injectable insitu gels serve as depot system which ensures the local and systemic drug and gene delivery. These insitu gels also protect the proteins and peptide drugs invivo from environmental effect. The current review is made to report latest extensive literature regarding hydrogels, their classification, synthesis methods, structure of hydrogel network, methods of crosslinking, environment-sensitive hydrogel system, drug loading, and release, hydrogels as biosensors and applications of hydrogels.

No abstract

No abstract

Thep alladium-catalyzed regioselective allylation reactionb etween chloromethyl(hetero)arenes and allyl pinacolborate is reported in this work. Chloromethylarenes smoothly reactedw ith allyl pinacolborate,p roducing para-allylated dearomatizationp roducts or para-allylated arenes in satisfactory to good yields.2 -(Chloromethyl)thiophenes and 2-(chloromethyl)furans bearing substituents on the 5-positions also smoothly reacted with allyl pinacolborate, producing the 5-allylated dearomatization productsins atisfactory yields. Scheme 2. Control experiments using deuterium-labelled benzylchloride and trifluoroacetic acid. Scheme 3. Proposed mechanism.

Background. Almost every region of Pakistan is stacked with a large number of medicinal plants. Due to high cost and unavailability of allopathic medicines for the neurological diseases, especially in rural areas, traditional healers prescribe phytotherapy for various neurological diseases like epilepsy, depression, anxiety, insomnia, Alzheimer, and migraine. Such treatments are considered to be most effective by the native people. Methods. The data was collected from articles published on medicinal plants of various districts of Pakistan, using article search engines like Medline, Pubmed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Also, information regarding various neurological uses and mode of applications of medicinal plants was obtained from traditional healers, folk medicine users, and local elderly people having knowledge of medicinal plants. Results. A total of 54 families were found to be used in various neurological diseases, of which the highest use was of Solanaceae (22.22%), Asteraceae (12.96%), Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae, and Poaceae, 9% each, and Caprifoliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Rosaceae, 5.5% each. According to districts, 15% of plants that were effective in neurological affections were found in Bahawalpur, 11% in Swat, 8% in Muzaffarabad, 7% in Malakand, and 6% in Bahawalnagar, Dir, Gilgat, and Sarghoda each, with 5% in Dera ghazi khan and Jhelum each. According to the plant’s habit, out of total of 103 plants, 61.15% were found to be herbs, 22.33% trees, 11.65% shrubs, and 4.85% climbers. According to the part used of plant, whole plant, leaves, fruits, roots, seeds, and flowers were found to be used 32.03%, 24.27%, 20.38%, 16.50%, 13.59%, and 11.65%, respectively. According to disease’s types, 45.63% were found to be effective in insomnia, 31.06% in epilepsy 12.62% in depression, 6.80% in anxiety, 7.77% in hysteria, and 5.88% in migraine. Conclusion. Taking into consideration this useful knowledge on medicinal properties of the plants for curing neurologic diseases, it is believed that research in areas of ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology can bring auspicious results that have potential of adding value to the very rich natural resources of Pakistan. This study will help all the researchers from diverse backgrounds working on plants based medicine for neurological diseases.

Globally infectious diseases are among the factors underlying deaths and are associated with approximately one-half of all mortalities in tropical countries. New, more effective and yet safe therapeutic agents are critical issues to manage challenging infectious diseases 1,2. Poor communities especially belonging to small isolated villages and native people in developing countries mainly use folk medicine for treatment of infectious diseases 2. Medicinal plants are consumed as decoctions, teas and juice preparations to treat respiratory infections or as a poultice and applied directly on the infected wounds or burns 1,2. So far extensive work has been done and still going on for the search of bioactive compounds to treat microbial infections as more effective and safer therapeutic agents. Chenopodium ambrosioides is an important medicinal plant widely used in the traditional medicine system in Europe, Asia, North and South America. It is a member of family, Chenopodiaceae. This plant is widely distributed in Baluchistan,

Copper(II)‐catalyzed highly regioselective halogenation of 8‐acylaminoquinolines was reported in this study. The halogenation of 8‐acylaminoquinolines proceeded smoothly in the presence of copper halide (CuBr2 or CuCl2) and potassium halide (KBr or KCl) as the catalyst and the halogen source, respectively, using oxygen in air as the terminal oxidant under neutral conditions to produce the corresponding C‐5 position halogenated products in satisfactory to good yields.

No abstract