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İstanbul, with a population of over 13 million, is Turkey's most populated metropolitan area and the economic powerhouse of the country. The city is located in a region that has rich biodiversity due partly to its unique location at the crossroads of two continental landmasses and two large water bodies. The geographical characteristics and the city's topography allow for diverse micro-climatic zones to exist in a relatively small area, 5,461 km 2 . Moreover, due to millennia of human settlement including sixteen centuries as an imperial capital, many exotic species have found their way to the region. This assessment provides an overview of the main challenges and opportunities that İstanbul is faced with in regards to biodiversity conservation and support for the ecosystem services upon which the city depends, while simultaneously managing population growth and economic development. The assessment will also highlight the Ömerli Watershed, which supplies most of the city's drinking water. The watershed's freshwater provisioning capacity has been degrading due to urbanization in its catchment area, while the demand for water in the city overall has been increasing. An ecological-asset evaluation of the watershed has been carried out to develop an ecosystem services-based spatial decision-making framework. The evaluation is part of the urban biosphere reserve initiative that may be a solution to prevent further decrease of the watershed's biodiversity and degradation of its ecosystem services. Keywords Illegal settlements (gecekondus) • Urban watersheds • Ecosystem services • Freshwater • İstanbul

The scientific literature since 2000s shows that sustainability definitions have been evolving by fascinating new notions. The main concern of sustainability which is to preserve resources from generation to generation is always an indispensable approach for systems stability, however it has to be questioned if sustainability can still maintain stability when there comes an unexpected condition. In this case, often, the concept is coupled with resilience. Resilience stresses a new way of thinking by providing the uncertainty and dynamism based perspective and guiding in terms of orientation in the face of uncertainties. Even if there is an increasing attention in literature to address the "sustainability-resilience relation", there is not a clear unique scheme about how to bind two concepts. Based on this realization, this paper aims to address what has to be clarified to draw attention to the link between resilience and sustainability through in-depth literature review, focusing on the basic attributes of sustainability which have to be continuously updated in this complex unpredictable epoch and the basic attributes of resilience which provides this required upgrade. It can be summarized that the paper fundamentally; 1. emphasizes the fact that sustainability has to be updated and upgraded considering uncertainty based challenges; 2. points out that the main argument between sustainability and resilience is the passage from stability to dynamism; 3. highlights the connection between resilience and sustainability through the relation between the principal attributes of two concepts; 4. underlines that resilience helps to rearrange the basic principles of sustainability.