The second cause of death in the world has been reported to be cancer, and it has been on the rise in recent years. As a result of the difficulties of cancer detection and its treatment, the survival rate of patients is unclear. The early detection of cancer is an important issue for its therapy. Cancer detection based on biomarkers may effectively enhance the early detection and subsequent treatment. Nanomaterial-based nanobiosensors for cancer biomarkers are excellent tools for the molecular detection and diagnosis of disease. This review reports the latest advancement and attainment in applying nanoparticles to the detection of cancer biomarkers. In this paper, the recent advances in the application of common nanomaterials like graphene, carbon nanotubes, Au, Ag, Pt, and Fe3O4 together with newly emerged nanoparticles such as quantum dots (QDs), upconversion (UCNPs), inorganics (ZnO, MoS2), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for the diagnosis of biomarkers related to lung, prostate, breast, and colon cancer are highlighted. Finally, the challenges, outlook, and closing remarks are given.
The folic acid (FA) and doxorubicin (DOX) have been doped into the g‐C3N4/MoS2 incorporated‐chitosan/ethyl cellulose (EC) core‐shell nanofibers for targeted delivery of FA and DOX against HeLa and MCF‐7 cell lines. The g‐C3N4/MoS2 nanosheets and core‐shell nanofibers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and UV–Vis tests. The drug loading factor, the degradation rate, and the DOX and FA release behavior from core‐shell nanofibers have been investigated. The pharmacokinetic results revealed the linear release with non‐Fickian diffusion of the both anticancer drugs from nanofibers during 7 days. The DAPI staining and MTT assays of the nanofibers immersed in MCF‐7 and HeLa cell lines were studied to determine the potential of DOX and FA doped‐core‐shell nanofibrous matrix for MCF‐7 and HeLa cells death in vitro. The maximum MCF‐7 and HeLa cells death percentages were found to be 89 and 85%, respectively, using EC/chitosan/g‐C3N4/MoS2/DOX/FA core‐shell nanofibers after 7 days. The high activity of g‐C3N4/MoS2/DOX/FA loaded‐core‐shell nanofibers for studied cancer cells killing was achieved.
In this study, activated carbon particles were modified by copper oxide to remove the anionic Tartrazine dye from aqueous solutions. Adsorption studies were performed as batch studies and the influences of pH, initial dye concentrations, and contact times were evaluated. Maximum removal percentage was obtained for the initial concentration of 30 mg/L and the equilibrium of the adsorption was achieved within 60 minutes of contact time. The Langmuir and Freundlich kinetic models were used for analyzing the equilibrium data. It was shown that better fitting was observed by the Langmuir model. Pseudo-first-order and Pseudo-second-order kinetic models were also applied to understand the kinetics of the adsorption processes. It was found that the Tartrazine adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.
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