Cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmannii) and sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan) have been reported to be beneficial for Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and the combination is commonly used by Indonesian herbal industries. In the present study, the simultaneous extraction of bioactive compounds from both plants was conducted using natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES), their content analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitory activity evaluated. An additional in silico molecular docking analysis was conducted to ensure their activity. The results showed that NADES (with a composition of choline chloride–glycerol) extraction from cinnamon and sappan wood had DPP IV inhibitory activity of 205.0 and 1254.0 µg/mL, respectively. Brazilin as a marker substance from sappan wood was responsible for the DPP IV inhibitory activity, while none of the marker substances chosen for cinnamon bark (trans-cinnamaldehyde, coumarin, and trans-cinnamic acid) were found to have significant DPP IV inhibitory activity. These results were confirmed by molecular docking conducted in brazilin, trans-cinnamaldehyde, coumarin, and trans-cinnamic acid.

Skin lightening is a basic requirement for people who live in tropical countries such as Asia. Asian cultures consider bright skin as a beautiful standard. The growth of skin lightening products in Asia is increasing rapidly. 1 Most skin lightening products contained drug that have side effects on long-term use. Side effects that arise are dermatological reactions such as burning, itching, irritation and causing the effects of dependence. These side effects are related to the safety of the product. 2 Lightening active ingredients that are considered unsafe such as mercury and hydroquinone because mercury can cause nephrotoxicity, due to the accumulation of heavy metals contained in the material. 2 Turbinaria conoides is one of brown macroalgae which can be found in the oceans of Indonesia. 3 T. conoides has bioactive compound such as carotenoid, laminarin, alginate, fucoidan and mannitol. 3 Fraction of T. conoides has reported by Karthik (2016), contained phloroglucinol (0,49 mg TAE/g). 4 Phloroglucinol is a multifunctional phenolic derivative that only can be found in brown algae. Phloroglucinol showed various activities

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Cara sitasi: Arifianti AE, Anwar E, Nurjanah. 2017. Aktivitas penghambatan tirosinase dan antioksidan serbuk rumput laut dari Sargassum plagyophyllum segar dan kering. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia. 20(3): 488-493. AbstrakSargassum plagyophyllum salah satu spesies dari genus Sargassaceae memiliki berbagai senyawa bioaktif. Salah satunya adalah florotanin yang dilaporkan sebagai antioksidan dan penghambat tirosinase. Aktivitas penghambatan tirosinase dan antioksidan dari serbuk rumput laut yang berasal dari sediaan bubur belum pernah dilaporkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan serbuk S. plagyophyllum yang optimal dari segi penghambatan tirosinase dan antioksidan sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai zat aktif dalam formula kosmetik pencerah kulit. S. plagyophyllum disiapkan dalam bentuk segar dan kering. Bubur rumput laut dari S. plagyophyllum dibuat dari campuran rumput laut dengan akuademineralisata. Bubur tersebut kemudian dikeringkan dengan metode kering-beku sehingga dihasilkan serbuk rumput laut. Aktivitas antioksidan diukur dengan metode peredaman radikal bebas 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Aktivitas penghambatan tirosinase dilakukan dengan mengukur hasil reaksi enzimatis menggunakan L-tirosin sebagai substrat. Nilai IC 50 aktivitas antioksidan asam askorbat adalah 0,0035 mg/mL, bubur segar 27,31 mg/mL, bubur kering 41,13 mg/mL, serbuk segar 2,21 mg/mL dan serbuk kering 13,18 mg/mL. Nilai IC 50 penghambatan tirosinase 0,0076 mg/mL, asam kojat serbuk segar 4,97 mg/mL dan asam kojat serbuk kering 11,35 mg/mL. Hasil terbaik aktivitas penghambatan tirosinase dan antioksidan didapatkan dari serbuk rumput laut segar S. plagyophyllum sehingga berpotensi dikembangkan lebih lanjut menjadi zat aktif formula kosmetik pencerah kulit.Kata kunci: Sargassum plagyophyllum, bubur rumput laut, serbuk rumput laut, antioksidan, penghambat tirosinase Tyrosinase Inhibitor and Antioxidant Activity of Seaweed Powder from Fresh and Dried Sargassum plagyophyllumAbstract Sargassum plagyophyllum from Sargassaceae family contains various bioactive compounds, namely phlorotannin which is reported as an antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor. Tyrosinase inhibitor and antioxidant activity from seaweed powder that obtained from seaweed's slurry have not been reported. Thus, this study was aimed to obtain the best seaweed slurry and powder from Sargassum plagyophyllum based on tyrosinase inhibitor and antioxidant activity, so it can be used as active substance in skin lightening cosmetic formula. Sargassum plagyophyllum which prepared fresh and dried was processed into seaweed slurry and lyophilization to form powder. Antioxidant activity which was determined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method found the IC 50 values of ascorbic acid was 0.0035 mg/mL; fresh slurry 27.31 mg/mL; dried slurry 41.13 mg/mL; fresh powder 2.21 mg/mL; and dried powder 13.18 mg/mL. Moreover, the tyrosinase inhibitory activity which was measured by enzimatic reaction with L-tyrosine as substrate found IC 50...

An emerging coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent for the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has caused a worldwide social and economic disruption. Currently, no antiviral drugs with proven clinical efficacy, or vaccines for its prevention. Therefore, to combat the pandemic of this novel coronavirus, new effective treatments are urgently needed. In the process of traditional drug development, developing new drugs from scratch is a timeconsuming process, requires high-investment, and is a high-risk process, which is impractical to face the immediate global challenge of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Drug repurposing strategy is one of the effective ways to quickly find a therapeutic agent for COVID-19 Existing medicines, which already have been tested and proven safe in humans might work for COVID-19 offering a potentially faster approach for the disease management. Here, we review h the latest research progress in epidemiology, viral genome, and life cycles of SARS-CoV-2. Further, we describe and discuss some promising drugs repurposed to target SARS-CoV-2 that are being evaluated in clinical trials.

Kanker kulit melanoma merupakan satu dari sembilan belas kanker yang sering terjadi di seluruh dunia. Kebutuhan akan adanya alternatif zat aktif tabir surya menjadi sangat penting terutama dari bahan alam laut yaitu anggur laut (Caulerpa sp.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan nilai SPF ekstrak cair anggur laut segar dengan metode ekstraksi yang berbeda. Metode ekstraksi dilakukan dengan dua cara yaitu maserasi dan microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) masing-masing dengan tiga jenis pelarut (etanol, air, dan etanol-air 1:1). Ekstrak cair yang dihasilkan diukur pH dan ditentukan nilai SPF secara invitro menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Ekstrak cair anggur laut segar dengan nilai SPF in vitro tertinggi kemudian dianalisis aktivitas antioksidannya menggunakan metode DPPH. Ekstrak cair yang dihasilkan berbau amis, dan berwarna hijau dengan intensitas warna yang berbeda. Interaksi antara perlakuan metode ekstraksi dan jenis pelarut menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan terhadap nilai pH ekstrak cair anggur laut segar. Nilai SPF dari ekstrak maserasi etanol, air, dan etanol-air berturut-turut 0,583; 3,099; 2,911 sedangkan ekstrakMAE 3,807; 5,555; 4,979. Metode MAE menunjukkan nilai SPF in vitro yang lebih tinggi secara signifikan daripada maserasi tanpa melihat perbedaan pelarut.Hasil persentase penghambatan DPPH dari ekstrak MAE dengan pelarut etanol, air, dan etanol-air pada konsentrasi 106 mg/mL berturut-turut 33,85%; 22,99%; 17,44%. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol dengan metode ekstraksi MAE lebih tinggi daripada ekstrak dengan pelarut lainnya namun tidak lebih  tinggi dibandingkan dengan asam askorbat sebagai pembanding.

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Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the viruses which cause medical problems in human. 9,10 There are two distinct serotypes of HSV, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). The transmission of HSV-1 through contact with infected lesions or other parts of the body is much easier than HSV-2 which is transmitted through genital contact. It has been reported that the HSV-1 infection rate is two times higher than HSV-2. 9-11 In immunocompromised individuals such as cancer, HIV or organ transplant patients, the clinical manifestation may be more complicated resulting in HSV encephalitis, damage of temporal lobes, pneumonitis, esophagitis, and hepatitis. The HSV-1 infection is also related to the establishment of latent infection in the trigeminal area, where it can be reactivated and cause recurrent ABSTRACT Backgrounds: Drug screening is a time-consuming and costly process confronted with low productivity and challenges in using animals, which limits the discovery of new drugs. The cellbased assay allows the minimization of using the animal models and can provide more relevant in vivo biological information than biochemical assay. Objective: We aimed to establish a simple cell-based screening assay for the discovery of lead extract against HSV-1. Materials and Methods: Assay setting up was performed by optimization of the cell, incubation time, virus titer, and determination of Z value. Results: We have successfully established reproducible methods, by setting up assay plate including determination: 1) Vero cells as a model for HSV-1 infection, 2) Incubation for 5 days as sufficient time for CPE endpoint at monolayer cells, 3) 100 TCID 50 /well HSV-1 as infection titer which caused high percentage of cell detachment, 4) determination of Z value of 100 TCID 50 /well infection > 0.5. In addition, the established system was tested using ACV as the most common anti-HSV drug. Furthermore, we demonstrated the current system to screen extracts from Acacia nilotica, Uncaria gambir and Aspalathus linearis against HSV-1. It was observed that the alkaline extract of Uncaria gambir exhibited the highest SI (12.5) compared to other extracts. Conclusion: We demonstrated current cellbased screening system was reproducible and able to identify lead extracts against HSV-1 infection.