21 st century is the age of high technologies penetrated into business leading to virtual businesses and e-commerce applications combined with electronic business (e-business) structures. Virtual businesses are independent and/or partly dependent organizations that have flexible and agile structures to respond the altering business conditions. Yet, electronic commerce (e-commerce) is the exchange of goods and services over the Internet. Both virtual businesses and e-commerce operations enable organizations to have fluid structures, modify the changing conditions, lower expenses, access to new markets and attain new consumers. The e-commerce applications have also been increasing in Turkey at a great pace but not significantly when compared to the total trade volume. For, the aim of this paper is to focus on the virtual businesses, e-commerce, harmonization of the conventional business structures with e-commerce and emphasize the importance of the e-commerce applications in Turkey resting on dependable national and international publications and data. With respect to the research made, it is possible to state that the e-commerce volume of Turkey is increasing as a remedy to cover the foreign trade deficit, but it is still not sufficient when compared to the total trade volume. Additionally, even though Turkey possesses an efficient e-government mechanism and e-signature law to enhance the volume of its e-commerce, the lack of cooperation among parties and standardization as well as the difficulty in adoption of digital transactions would be issues to be tackled in order to develop e-commerce in Turkey.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important element in development of economic power with regard to growth. FDI is an efficient tool to transfer new technologies, managerial skills, knowledge, capital flow and so on. On the other hand, exportation is another means to integrate the economy of a country with that of the world and secure economic growth as well enhancing economic advantages.In this article, we attempt to research the relationship between FDI and export. The article begins with the definition of FDI theory, explains the motives fostering FDI, FDI and Turkey, FDI and export relation theoretically, and concludes with an empirical analysis of FDI and export in Turkey.The empirical research investigates the relationship between export and FDI by using monthly time series data for the Turkish economy over the period from December 1991 to October 2010. The study applies of the following econometric techniques: unit root test, Johansen cointegration test, vector error correction model (VECM), and Granger causality test. The cointegration analysis suggests long-run equilibrium relationship between the examined variables. The results of the Granger causality test showed a causal relationship between these variables. The causality results are consistent with the results reported by the vector error correction model (VECM).
Turkey is rapidly growing in terms of both its economy and its population. In parallel, its demand for energy is increasing fast. Energy is one of Turkey's most important development priorities. Today, Turkey's economy is mainly dependent on oil, natural gas, coal, and electricity. Turkey's energy production meets only a part of its total energy consumption and thereby is an energy-importing country. On the other hand, Turkey has a large potential for renewable energies. The most important renewable sources for Turkey's energy sector are wind, biomass, hydro, solar and geothermal. Renewable energy sources respond to the process of the trio of energy, economy, and environment because, as a local source it has many positive effects on employment and provides momentum to the economy of the country. Turkey would have to commit to the development and implementation of renewable energy technologies and energy conservation. The implementation of renewable energy technologies would reduce the current national and global environmental problems as well as national energy insecurity associated with the production and use of fossil energies. Thus, the aim of this article is to present the energy situation and potential of the renewable energy sources in Turkey as well as associate these factors with the economy and business priorities.
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