The objectives of this experiment were to determine interrelationships among mastitis indicators and evaluate the subclinical mastitis detection ability of infrared thermography (IRT) in comparison with the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Somatic cell count (SCC), CMT, and udder skin surface temperature (USST) data were compiled from 62 Brown Swiss dairy cows (days in milk=117+/-51, milk yield=14.7+/-5.2 kg; mean +/- SD). The CORR, REG, and NLIN procedures of Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) were employed to attain interrelationships among mastitis indicators. The diagnostic merit of IRT as an indirect measure of subclinical mastitis was compared with CMT using the receiver operating characteristics curves. The udder skin surface temperature was positively correlated with the CMT score (r=0.86) and SCC (r=0.73). There was an exponential increase in SCC (SCC, x10(3) cells/mL=22.35 x e(1.31 x CMT score); R(2)=0.98) and a linear increase in USST (USST, degrees C=33.45+1.08 x CMT score; R(2)=0.75) as the CMT score increased. As SCC increased, USST increased logarithmically [USST, degrees C=28.72+0.49 x ln(SCC, x10(3) cells/mL); R(2)=0.72]. The USST for healthy quarters (SCC 400,000 cells/mL; n=135) (mean +/- SE; 33.45+/-0.09 vs. 35.80+/-0.08 degrees C). The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 95.6, 93.6, 14.97, 0.05, 95.0, and 93.6, respectively, for IRT and 88.9, 98.9, 83.56, 0.11, 99.2, and 86.1, respectively, for CMT. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for IRT and CMT was not different. In conclusion, as a noninvasive and quick tool, IRT can be employed for screening subclinical mastitis via measuring USST, with a high predictive diagnostic ability similar to CMT when microbiological culturing is unavailable. However, the reliability of IRT among cows with different characteristics and those living under various environmental conditions remains to be determined.

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Papillomaviruses (PVs) are epitheliotropic viruses that cause benign proliferative lesions in the skin (warts or papillomas) and mucous membranes of their natural hosts. In bovines specifically, 13 types of Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are currently described in the literature, although the actual number may be greater than 20. BPV types are classified into four genera based on homology within the genomic regions of the L1 ORF, the most conserved sequence. This study conducted molecular typing of BPV in dairy cows with different papillomatosis cases and investigated the presence of co-infections across distinct BPV types in the same sample. After carrying out PCR using degenerate primers and type specific primers, 35 BPV suspected samples were detected as positive for BPV and these samples were used for typing using sequence analysis/PCR with type-specific primers. This analysis identified BPV-1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -7, -9 and -10, new putative types (BPV/BR/UEL6-like viruses) and the previously described putative type viruses (BAPV-6) in the 35 BPV-positive samples. In addition, co-infections across different BPV types were widely detected in the BPV-positive samples.  This study shows that PCR assays using degenerate primers to amplify partial fragments of the L1 gene followed by sequencing is useful for genotyping BPV. However, results need confirmation using type-specific primers in order to consider co-infections. In addition, this study identified a new putative type (in the same cluster as BPV/BR/UEL6-like viruses) and the previously described putative type viruses (BAPV-6) in teat papillomatosis of Turkish dairy cows. The study shows that it is essential to identify BPV types and their prevalence/distribution, and also to determine the clinical consequences of infection for the development of prophylactic and/or therapeutic procedures.

This study was performed on a total of 22 dogs of various breeds and ages (from 10 months to 8 years of age, mean age 3.3 years) with the aim of treating animals diagnosed as having pseudopregnancy, and in cases with whom cessation of lactation was necessary because of the death of their young, their separation from the mother, milk eclampsia or mastitis. For treatment, cabergoline at a dose of 5pg;kg d orally was applied and this was continued over 4 days. During the pretreatment period, a check of the general health state and ultrasonographic examination were made. Changes occurring in the post-treatment period and side effects were recorded. In determining the efficacy of the treatment, the appearance of mammary glands, changes occurring in the nature of secretion and lessening in the amount of secretion as well as behavioural changes were regarded as criteria. Appearance of mammary glands and changes occurring in the nature of secretion have been expressed with various scaling systems and all findings related to each dog were recorded in the anamnesis form. The score for mammary gland appearance changed to '0' in all dogs (n = 22): in 40.9% (n = 9) on the third day. in 54.6% (n = 12) on the fourth day and in 4.5% (n = 1) on the sixth day, respcctively. The score for the nature of secretion changed to 'normal' in all dogs (n = 22); in 4.5'y0 (n = 1) on the second day, 50% (11 = I 1) on the third day, 41 .O% (11 = 9) on the fourth day and 4.5% (n = I ) on the fifth day, respectively. In dogs rcceiving cabergoline normal behaviour returned in all dogs (n = 22); in 22.7% (n = 5) on the first day, 31.8% (n = 7) on the second day and 45.5% (n = 10) on the third day, respectively. In all dogs receiving cabergoline, body temperature was measured for 4 days following treatment, yielding mean temperatures of 39.4 f 0.4-C on the first day, 39.2 k 0.3-C on the second day, 38.9 k 0.3'C on the third day and 38.8 0.3"C on the fourth day. respectively. As a result of this study, it has been concluded that for the prevention of the symptoms of pseudoprcgnancy and that of an undesirable lactation in dogs. cabergoline in cfficient in treating these conditions. N o side-effects were seen with the exception of one case where vomiting was observed. 39,4 0,4 C am 1 . Tag, 3Y,2 k 0 , 3 T am 2. Tag. 38;') 0,3-C: am 3. Tag und 38,8 k 0,3 C am 4. Tag. Als Ergebnis dieser Studie kann geschluIjfolgert werden, da8 Cabergolin zur Vorbeugung gegen Symptome einer Pseudograviditat und gegen ungewollte Laktation eingesetzt werden kann. Es wurden mit einer Ausnahme. wo Erbrechen auftrat, keine Nebenwirkungen gesehen.