IntroductionBitches are monoestrous, spontaneous ovulatory and traditionally nonseasonal mammalians, except for some breeds such as Basenji and Chow-Chow (1). The estrous cycle of the bitch is considerably longer than that of other domestic species and the estrous period is followed by a longer interestrous interval (diestrus and anestrus) (2). The interval is highly variable (2-10 months) among the breeds (3,4). Various factors that affect the interestrous period and pregnancy duration, such as breed, age, parity, and litter size have been described in previous studies (3,5,6).Although bitches are considered nonseasonal, the seasonal effect on the reproductive parameters are still contradictory. Studies confirming (1,7,8) and denying (3,9-11) seasonal effects on bitch reproduction are available. To our knowledge, this was the first comprehensive retrospective study in Turkey investigating reproduction in bitches to reveal: 1) the distribution of whelping among breeds; 2) the breed and parity effect on pregnancy rates; 3) the breed, parity, and estrus onset season effects on the cycle interval, the proestrus, and estrus length; and 4) the breed and parity effects on the pregnancy duration and litter size.
Optical density image (ODI) analysis, based on the intensity of pixels in digital images, is commonly used in orthopedic medicine. This study was conducted to quantify endometrial and luteal changes in early pregnant and cyclic cows by ODI analysis. Twenty healthy primiparous Simmental cows on days 80-120 postpartum were subjected to ultrasonography and ODI analysis on the days of estrus (day 0) and metestrus (day 4) as well as 12, 15, 18, and 21 days after insemination. The ODI values of pregnant (P) and nonpregnant (NP) cows were compared using two-way ANOVA. The P cows tended to have greater endometrial OD values than NP cows (772.2 vs. 740.5, P < 0.08), but their luteal OD values were similar (596.0 ± 24). Both endometrial and luteal OD values varied over time in different patterns in P and NP cows in relation to gestational events until confirmation. In conclusion, preliminary data, especially endometrial OD values on day 15 relative to insemination, could have prognostic merit for a very early detection or confirmation of pregnancy. ODI analysis can be incorporated into ultrasonographic examination. However, more comprehensive experiments are needed to assure the prognostic value of ODI analysis.
This study was conducted to evaluate effects of breed, parity, sampling day, and sampling time on somatic cell count (SCC) and milk lipid and protein profiles in intra-mammary infection-free early lactating dairy cows (Holstein, n = 5 and Swiss Brown, n = 6; 34 ± 6 DIM). SCC was assessed by flow cytometry. Milk lipid (free fatty acid, triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, cholesterol, phospholipid) and protein IgG and A, albumin, caseins (α, β, κ), α-lactalbumin, and β-lactoglobulin were determined using HPTLC and SDS-PAGE methods. Data were analysed by 4-way ANOVA and subjected to hierarchical backward elimination of insignificant interaction terms. SCC varied by parity and sampling time. Apart from sampling time, other fixed factors altered milk lipids. There was only a breed × parity interaction effect on milk lipid profiles. All proposed factors affected milk proteins. Among proteins only the IgG fraction exhibited diurnal variation. There were significant breed × parity, breed × sampling day, and parity × sampling day interactions for milk proteins. In conclusion, factors relating to the cows themselves (breed and parity), sampling day, and sampling time cause variation in parameters that are pertinent to mammary gland health and milk quality.
Öz: İneklerde uterus enfeksiyon ve yangıları daha çok normal veya güç doğumlar sonucunda oluşan negatif basınç etkisiyle veya doğuma yardım girişimlerinin ardından mikroorganizmalarca kontaminasyon sonucunda şekillenmektedir. Ayrıca erken postpartum sorunlara bağlı olarak da uterus enfeksiyonları görülmektedir. Erken postpartum süreçte şekillenen enfeksiyonların tanısında; inspeksiyon, rektal muayene, vajinoskopik muayene, histereskopi, ultrasonografi, sitoloji, endometrial biyopsi, bakteriyoloji, polimeraz zincir reaksiyon yöntemi, reagent test stripleri ve kan değerlerinin incelenmesi gibi birçok muayene yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. Sunulan bu derlemede; ineklerde postpartum dönemdeki enfeksiyonların sınıflandırılması ve tanımlanmasında kullanılan muayene yöntemlerine değinilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Muayene yöntemleri, Postpartum dönem, Uterus enfeksiyonları. Examination Methods for Characterization and Definition of Endometritis in Postpartum Period in CowsAbstract: Uterine infection and inflammation occur as a result of contamination by microorganisms under the influence of the negative pressure in normal or difficult labor or after delivery assistance initiative in cows. In addition, uterine infections are seen depending on the problems in the early postpartum. For the diagnosis of infections in early postpartum period; several testing methods such as inspection, rectal examination, vaginal examination, hysteroscopy, ultrasonography, cytology, endometrial biopsy, bacteriology, polymerase chain reaction method, reagent test strips and examining blood values are used. In the presented review, the examination methods used in the classification and identification of infections in postpartum period in cows was reviewed.
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