Background A globus sensation is one of the most common complaints in otolaryngological practice. Patients with no associated abnormalities detected during the usual examinations performed in ENT clinics, are being diagnosed with globus sensation. Cervical ultrasonography is usually not performed in ENT clinics; however, it is useful in screening diseases of the subcutaneous tissue/organs, whose detection is not possible with the routine ENT examinations. The purpose of our study was to elucidate whether cervical ultrasound examination identifies abnormalities in patients with globus sensation. Methods A single-centre retrospective cohort study. Cervical ultrasonographic examinations were performed on patients with globus sensation at the Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery of Tottori university hospital, a tertiary care centre, from January 2013 to September 2017. The subjects were 74 patients who complained of globus sensation with no abnormality in general otolaryngological examination including laryngoscopy.Results Ultrasonography detected structural abnormalities in 60.8% of the patients with globus sensation: thyroid disorders in 41 patients, including: 35 patients with thyroid nodules, 4 patients with Hashimoto's disease, 1 patient with Grave's disease, and 1 patient with subacute thyroiditis; Sjögren syndrome in 2 patients; and cervical lipoma in 1 patient. Furthermore, 2 patients with thyroid disorders had concomitant esophageal cancer. Conclusion Cervical ultrasonography identified thyroid disorders in patients with globus sensation, despite the normal ENT status. Therefore, it would be appropriate to adopt cervical ultrasonography as a routine examination at ENT clinics for patients with globus sensation.
We have identified a myeloid cell‐specific enhancer in the 5′ flanking region of the Xenopus tropicalis myeloperoxidase gene. Transgenic reporter analysis using Xenopus laevis revealed that the expression of GFP was detected in the tail fin macrophages of a swimming tadpole, and the distributions of the GFP‐positive and XL‐2 (a pan‐marker for leukocytes)‐positive cells were mostly overlapping. The GFP‐positive cells in the liver of the transgenic tadpole were localized in the same areas where the myeloid cells were present. Isolation of leukocytes from the peripheral blood cells followed by flow cytometric analysis revealed that the GFP‐positive fraction was specifically enriched in neutrophils with lobulated nuclei. Furthermore, the macrophages purified from the peritoneal cavity were also GFP‐positive. In summary, a transgenic frog line in which the myeloid cells are labeled with GFP provides a useful tool to elucidate the physiological role of myeloid cells of multiple origins in the embryo.
Background This study aims to elucidate the effect of isolated cerebellar lesions sparing the brainstem on the auditory brainstem responses in children. Methods We enrolled 10 children (aged 1-16 years) with cerebellar lesions on neuroimaging but lacking clinical brainstem involvement signs and with normal brainstem volumes on magnetic resonance imaging. Results The interpeak latency of waves I and V was normal in 9 patients and was marginally prolonged in 1 patient. While amplitudes of waves I and III were normal, we noted a decreased amplitude of wave V and/ or an increased I/V amplitude ratio in 6 patients; these included 5 of 8 patients with cerebellar hypoplasia/atrophy and 1 patient with acute cerebellar ataxia. Conclusion Our results support the hypothesis of an inhibitory input from the cerebellar fastigial nucleus on the inferior colliculus, which might be disinhibited because of Purkinje cells dysfunction due to cerebellar cortex lesions, especially within the cerebellar vermis.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common submucosal tumor of the stomach. GISTs are often detected by esophagogastroduodenal endoscopy. We have previously reported on endoscopically invisible medium-sized exophytic type GISTs. We present here a case of small exophytic GIST detected by transabdominal ultrasonography (TUS) in which the natural history of the tumor could be traced retrospectively through incidental findings obtained during follow-up for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm by magnetic resonance of imaging or computed tomography over about 10 years. The tumor appeared 7 years before its detection, and the doubling time was calculated as 6.9 years. In conclusion, low-risk exophytic GIST was estimated to have taken at least about 7 years to reach a size detectable by TUS.
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