In general, the raw product gas of biomass gasification contains a range of minor species and contaminants, including particles, tar, alkali metals, chlorine, nitrogen compounds and sulphur compounds. This study reviews the recent developments in product gas cleaning technologies for these species and summarizes the findings of the research project 'Mop fan and electrofilter: an innovative approach for cleaning product gases from biomass gasification' which was recently carried out by the authors. The results of the project showed that combination of mop fan and electrofilter (ESP) has great potential in removing fine particles, tars and chemical contaminants in the product gas.
Within the framework of EURAMET, a comparison has been organized of measurements of self-inductance at 100 mH and 1 kHz. The comparison is identified as EUROMET.EM-S26. Two 100 mH inductance standards, encased in a thermostatic controlled enclosure, were circulated among the participants. The results from 10 out of 16 participants are in agreement with the reference values. A majority of the results agrees within ±50 µH/H. The participants reported four different methods to realize the traceability of the unit of inductance. The results from these different methods are in good agreement within the reported uncertainties. The results of this comparison have been linked to the results of the comparison EUROMET.EM-S20. The organization of this comparison has been a successful exercise of sharing the workload among four different institutes and can be an example to future comparisons.Main text.
To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by EUROMET, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).
A brief literature review shows that ionizing radiation in biological membranes and in pure lipid membranes causes malondialdehyde formation, indicating lipid peroxidation processes. With respect to membrane fluidization by ionizing radiation, in pure lipid membranes rigidization effects are always reported, whereas contradictory results exist for biological membranes. Starting from the assumption that membrane proteins at least partly compensate for radiation effects leading to a rigidization of membrane lipid regions, pig liver microsomes, as a representative protein-rich intracellular membrane system, were irradiated with X-rays or UV-C with doses up to 120 Gy at a dose rate of 0.67 Gy min-1 and up to 0.73 J cm-2 at an exposure rate of 16.2 mJ cm-2 min-1, respectively. For both irradiation types a weak but significant positive correlation between malondialdehyde formation and membrane fluidity is revealed throughout the applied dose ranges. We conclude that the membraneous protein lipid interface increases its fluidity under radiation conditions. Also, thymocyte ghosts showed an increased fluidity after X-ray irradiation. Fluidity measurements were performed by the pyrene excimer method.
Inductance calibrations at PTB are carried out with a Maxwell-Wien bridge. This bridge has the advantage that the first order bridge equation (1) is independent of frequency which means that the bridge has the potential to be operated in a large frequency range. However, the actual frequency range, from power frequencies up to 1 MHz, requires an investigation of higher order effects.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.