Background World over, insecurity, social unrest and spatial justice has constituted a fillip for anarchy and crime; and generally stalls the growth and socioeconomic development of the society. Nigeria and Nigerians have suffered from the conundrum and debilitating effects of these phenomena which characterization is expressed in political thuggery and instability, corruption, insurgency, communal and ethno-religious conflict. Security here therefore, becomes a critical element in responding to these hiatus which sustenance is predicated on first and foremost sound justice, transparency, accountability, respect for ones rights and implementable government policies vis-à-vis proper orientation. Barry and Victor (2007), maintained that given the number and variety of weapons that are in circulation and can be used, insecurity, social unrest and injustice can become a big challenge to a peaceful polity. A society, as a matter of fact, must recognize that human beings are integral part of the society and all the resources an individual need to solve his problems could be provided for by the social system. In analyzing the social provision theory of Titmus and Khan, Etuk (2002), avers that a system should emphasize on the rights of society members especially as it pertains to equality of access to resources and opportunity (ies) society has to offer. For this, social unrest and insecurity will be majorly curbed and the pressure on court vis-à-vis justice would be reduced. To a large degree, because of insecurity, the economic and political imperatives that drive growth and development in the society is fractured and dislodged. Nigeria's wealth which ordinarily would have placed Nigeria and Nigerians at a pedestal of economic, political and social diadem is rather sloping to a deterioration. Julius (2011) adds that, insecurity and social unrest experienced in Nigeria has brought severe and devastating socioeconomic , political and developmental crises plundering and destroying basic amenities, giving impetus to corruption, religious charlatanism, war, restiveness, unstable political systems and dictatorial governance. According to Sambo (2008), the security climate in Nigeria within the past three or four decades has not promoted the kind of social and economic welfare that would have insulated citizens from vagaries of poverty, hunger and diseases. He further posited that, over 70% of the nation's population live below poverty line, restricted access to education and public health as experienced in the Northeast and North-Central of Nigeria. Corroborating this assertion Julius (2011), maintained that these maladies and their unfathomable consequences is the inability of Nigeria (ians) to effectively and efficiently utilize resources for the nation's economic gain to develop various communities in the country has created rift among its population and encouraged schism with the various ethnic nationalities. According to Emmanuel (2005), the efficacy of the philosophy and policies of any system of government in maintain...

This study examined silent variables that influence the treatment of offenders in Nigerian custodian centres. The research was conducted using both primary and secondary data. Questionnaires were distributed to 400 respondents randomly selected from correctional institutions across the three senatorial districts of Cross River State, while the in-depth interview was conducted on 6 participants each across the selected custodian centres. The presentation of data was done using frequency distribution tables, and relevant narratives. The test of hypotheses was done using Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC) and the qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. The study found that corruption, inadequate rehabilitation equipment and low funding strongly influence the treatment of offenders in custodian centres in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study, therefore, recommends that the government through a special committee constituted should judiciously oversee the execution of the previously suggested prison reforms, which include but are not limited to provision of the needed infrastructures that will cater for the welfare of the inmates, pardoning awaiting trail offenders that have spent reasonable number of years in custody without conviction, this will help solve the challenge of overcrowding in correctional institutions across the country.

Politics and Politicians 1. Background The trajectory of Nigerian democracy is seen as a hoax and at best described as "groping in unending experimentation in governance and government". In some climes, politics is seen and regarded as a call for total service to one's fatherland. It suggests sacrifice involving money, time and other resources that can propel the growth and development of that society and further consolidate human relations. As observed by Ayuk (2015), issues in, and of politics should be more organised to create conditions that are people-driven, generate income, increase wellbeing, reduce vulnerability and improve security. No doubt, politics as being alluded to, is a struggle, contestation, agreement and disagreement by persons under a platform (party in Nigeria; in some other countries, independent candidacy) to access power via people's mandates, with the sole aim of authoritatively allocating resources-provide security and welfare for the general welfare of the society. However, this process, even though structured, especially in the Nigerian context, it should observe basic democratic tenets (within the framework of the rule of law) to reflect sense of civility and orderliness. The ideals of effective livelihood that recognizes impartiality which is tied on security, employment, infrastructure etc. should be a direct correlation that fundamentally defines politics. Unfortunately, politics in the truest sense in Nigeria is a travesty painted with different colours of brinkmanship, lawlessness, threats and counter-threats, which ultimately leads to breakdown of law. An average politician in Nigeria is a law to himself especially if he or she is in the party in power. They exhibit clear disdain to the law, impunity reigns supreme and characteristically self-serving. More appalling is the fact that, conversations in this sphere has always been "winner takes all", including not only appointive positions but the common wealth of the nation; and decide illegitimately how to loot what, who and how to the detriment of the citizens. Again, there exists an inverse relationship when one fraudulently assumes power, in that, a clear wall of demarcation is established between the electorates they hoodwinked into political office(s)-a narrative of "elitism" defines and classifies them, with their "godfather" in a prebendalistic engagement. In this circumstance, service which is the hallmark of politics becomes secondary as their loyalty at this instance is to the "godfather" and themselves. For them, Nigerians can starve to death for all they care-even more concerning is that, this strategy is reinforced to perpetually consign majority of people to poverty so that they can be easily manipulated to continuous servitude (Ayuk, 2018).

The complexity involved in combating crime in different regions of the world makes information sharing fundamental in crime management. Unfortunately, crime victims, who should be in the frontline of providing this information to law enforcement agents are often lethargic and lackadaisical in doing so, owing to no fault of theirs. Thus, this paper explored the convergence between socio-demographic variables and crime reporting in Nigeria. Empirically, the study examined the relationship between the attitude of law enforcement agents, location of the crime, nature of the crime, and attitude to crime reporting. Mixed methods, including a cross-sectional survey and in-depth interview, was used to collect data from 1112 respondents through a multi-stage sampling technique. The quantitative data were analysed using simple linear regression; while, the qualitative data collected were analysed in themes as a complement to the quantitative data. Findings revealed that attitudes of law enforcement agents, crime location and nature of crime significantly affect attitude to crime reporting in the study area. The study concludes that there is a connection between selected socio-demographic variables such as attitudes of law enforcement agents, crime location, nature of crime and attitude to crime reporting. It was, therefore, recommended that law enforcement officers who fail to abide by the ethics of their profession and the standard procedure governing their interaction with both complainants and suspects should be severely sanctioned. Besides, law enforcement officers should be trained and re-trained in such areas as public relations and professional ethics guiding their operations