Aim:Since there is an increasing need for gastric ulcer therapies with optimum benefit-risk profile. This study was conducted to investigate gastro-protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer models in mice.Materials and Methods:A total of 41 mice were allocated into six groups consisted of 7 mice each. Groups 1 (normal control) and 2 (ulcer control) received distilled water at a dose of 10 ml/kg, groups 3, 4 and 5 were given NAC at doses 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, and the 6th group received ranitidine (50 mg/kg). All drugs administered orally once daily for 7 days, on the 8th day absolute ethanol (7 ml/kg) was administrated orally to all mice to induce the acute ulcer except normal control group. Then 3 h after, all animals were sacrificed then consequently the stomachs were excised for examination.Results:NAC administration at the tested doses showed a dose-related potent gastro-protective effect with significant increase in curative ratio, PH of gastric juice and mucus content viscosity seen with the highest dose of NAC and it is comparable with that observed in ranitidine group.Conclusion:The present findings demonstrate that, oral NAC shows significant gastro-protective effects comparable to ranitidine confirmed by anti-secretory, cytoprotective, histological and biochemical data, but the molecular mechanisms behind such protection are complex.

The risk of pharmacokinetic polyphenols-trace elements interaction may undesirable therapeutic outcomes. We evaluate the long-term use of silibinin, epigallocatechin (ECGC), quercetin and rutin on the absorption and tissue distribution of zinc, copper and iron after single oral doses in rats. Five groups of rats received either with olive oil as control or one of the polyphenols silibinin, EPGC, quercetin or rutin, administered orally as oily solutions for 30 days. At day 30, a solution contains sulphate salt of zinc, copper and iron was administered orally; 3 hrs later blood samples, tissues of brain, kidney and liver were obtained for evaluation of the elements levels. The results showed that the polyphenols increased both serum and tissue levels of these elements compared with controls. This effect was relatively varied according to the structural differences among flavonoids. In conclusion, long-term use of supraphysiological doses of flavonoids increase absorption of Zn, Cu and Fe and their tissue availability in brain, kidney and liver; this effect seems to be different with variations in structural features.

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Objective: This work was designed to investigate and compare the possible protective effect of pharmacological doses of garlic and omega 3 against gastric lesions induced by ethanol in mice.Methods: A total of 30 mice involved in the study were divided into five groups with 6 mice for each. Groups 1 (ulcer control) and 2 (normal control), Groups 3 (positive ulcer control treated with ranitidine 50 mg/kg), Groups 4 and 5 treated with garlic oil and omega 3 oil at doses 200 and 150 mg/kg, respectively. All groups treated orally by gastric gavage once daily for 14 days before starting gastric ulcer (GU) induction process by absolute ethanol administration.Results: A treatment with garlic and omega 3 ameliorated the severity of gastric ulceration evidenced by reduced ulcer index area, increase % gastroprotection, increase mucus content, reduced erosions, and necrosis. Conclusion:Oral administration of pharmacological doses of garlic oil and omega 3 oil shows significant gastroprotection against GU models induced by absolute ethanol confirmed by biochemical and histological data.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder in women with reproductive age. it has a multifactorial etiology characterized by menstrual irregularities, manifesting as oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, a part of abnormalities of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. Recent evidence has demonstrated the complex function of adipose tissue and stomach as endocrine organs through release of hormones into the blood stream involved in physiological activities of the body with potential implication in PCOS development. One of the most important of these hormones are ghrelin, leptin and insulin that have role in process of PCOS development. Aims of the study: The aim of present study to evaluate serum ghrelin, leptin and insulin resistance in clomiphene resistance PCOS women and to find correlation between these parameters. Methodology: During Sep 2013 to May 2014, already diagnosed infertile Iraqi women with PCOS they are recruited in the private medical clinic of Dr. Ahlam ali naser during their periodic visit. There were 23 girls at mean age 21.3±1.2 on clomiphene therapy as clomiphene resistant PCOS group (CR-PCOS), 25 PCOS girls at mean age 23.5±1.4 consumed drugs other than clomiphene for PCOS treatment consider as (OT-PCOS) and 20 girls at mean age 22±2.4 as control group included in the present study. Blood samples were taken after at least 8 hours of fasting in all PCOS girls and control, serum glucose, ghrelin and leptin were measure, insulin resistance value were calculated using HOMA-IR model. Results: The highest Ghrelin, leptin and IR levels were observed in CR-PCOS group and this level considered significantly high when compared with control and OT-PCOS groups. The only significant positive correlation between IR and ghrelin was observed in CR-PCOS group with no significant correlation in all study groups were observed. In other hand when we make correlation between ghrelin and study parameters, significant negative correlations that observed with leptin in control group not observed in CR-PCOS and OT-PCOS, meanwhile no significant correlation between ghrelin and leptin or IR in OT-PCOS group. Conclusions: Women with clomiphene resistance PCOS exhibit significantly increased serum ghrelin, leptin and insulin resistance levels than control subjects and PCOS women taking therapy other than clomiphene indicating good biochemical markers in detection clomiphene resistance status in PCOS women. Furthermore we speculate significant positive correlation between ghrelin and IR in CR-PCOS group. Recommendation: Assessment of ghrelin and leptin levels in women taking metformin and clomiphene combination therapy for PCOS treatment

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