Hyperbilirubinemia is an increase of the blood bilirubin level due to physiological or non-physiologic factors, which is clinically characterized by jaundice. Bilirubin is produced in the reticuloendothelial system as the end product of heme catabolism through an oxidation-reduction reaction. Due to its hydrophobic nature, unconjugated bilirubin is carried in the plasma, tightly bound to albumin. In the liver, bilirubin is transported into hepatocytes, bound to ligandin. After being excreted to the small intestine through the bile ducts, bilirubin undergoes a reduction to become colorless tetrapyrole due to the action of intestinal microbes.This unconjugated bilirubin can be reabsorbed into the circulation; therefore, it increases total plasma bilirubin. The treatments of hyperbilirubinemia in neonati are phototherapy, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), replacement transfusion, temporary breastfeeding cessation, and medical therapy. Keywords: hyperbilirubinemia, bilirubin, biliverdin, enterohepatic cycle. Abstrak: Hiperbilirubinemia ialah terjadinya peningkatan kadar bilirubin dalam darah, baik oleh faktor fisiologik maupun non-fisiologik, yang secara klinis ditandai dengan ikterus. Bilirubin diproduksi dalam sistem retikuloendotelial sebagai produk akhir dari katabolisme heme dan terbentuk melalui reaksi oksidasi reduksi. Karena sifat hidrofobiknya, bilirubin tak terkonjugasi diangkut dalam plasma, terikat erat pada albumin. Ketika mencapai hati, bilirubin diangkut ke dalam hepatosit, terikat dengan ligandin. Setelah diekskresikan ke dalam usus melalui empedu, bilirubin direduksi menjadi tetrapirol tak berwarna oleh mikroba di usus besar. Bilirubin tak terkonjugasi ini dapat diserap kembali ke dalam sirkulasi, sehingga meningkatkan bilirubin plasma total. Pengobatan pada kasus hiperbilirubinemia dapat berupa fototerapi, intravena immunoglobulin (IVIG), transfusi pengganti, penghentian ASI sementara, dan terapi medikamentosa. Kata kunci: hiperbilirubinemia, bilirubin, biliverdin, siklus enterohepatik.
Pneumonia is an acute respiratory tract infection that became a public health problem in the world due to the high mortality in infants and toddlers. This study was aimed to describe the characteristics of pneumonia in children treated at the pediatric intensive care unit Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado in 2013 - 2015. This was a descriptive retrospective study with a cross sectional design. Subjects were all children suffering from pneumonia hospitalized at the pediatric intensive care unit Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado in 2013 – 2015. There were 158 cases consisted of 62 patients in 2013, 74 patients in 2014, and 22 patients in 2015. Most of them were males (88 patients) and at the age group <1 year (108 patients). The average pulse was 194.75 beats/minute, the average breathing rate was 60.4 breaths/minute, and the average body temperature was 37.8 ° C. The majority showed retraction at the subcostal area (148 patients), crackles (142 patients), inaudible wheezing (147 patients), clinical symptom as shortness of breath (148 patients), chest X-ray as infiltrate (151 patients), laboratory tests as the average value of hemoglobin was 11.3 g / dL, the average hematocrit was 33.3%, the average of leukocyte count was 45,293/mm3, and the average of platelet count was 364.437/mm3. Keywords: pneumonia, children, characteristic features Abstrak: Pneumonia merupakan penyakit infeksi saluran pernapasan akut yang menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia karena angka kematiannya sangat tinggi pada bayi dan balita. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran karakteristik pneumonia pada anak yang dirawat di ruang perawatan intensif RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado pada tahun 2013-2015. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif retrospektif dengan desain potong lintang. Subjek penelitian ialah semua anak yang menderita pneumonia dirawat di ruang perawatan intensif anak di Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado selang Januari 2013 – Desember 2015. Terdapat 158 kasus dengan rincian 62 pasien pada tahun 2013, 74 pasien pada tahun 2014, dan 22 pasien pada tahun 2015. Didapatkan anak yang menderita pneumonia paling banyak pada jenis kelamin laki-laki (88 pasien) dan kelompok usia <1 tahun (108 pasien). Nilai rerata denyut nadi didapatkan 194,75 kali/menit, laju pernapasan 60,4/menit, dan suhu badan 37,8 ºC. Sebagian besar kasus memperlihatkan retraksi di bagian subkostal (148 pasien), ronki (142 pasien), tanpa wheezing (147 pasien), gejala klinis sesak nafas (148 pasien), gambaran foto toraks adanya infiltrat (151 pasien). Pemeriksaan laboratorium mendapatkan rerata nilai hemoglobin 11,3 g/dL, hematokrit 33,3%, hitung leukosit 45.293/mm3, dan hitung trombosit 364.437/mm3.Kata kunci: pneumonia, anak, gambaran karakteristik
Background The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) remains high in Indonesian children. When anemia is detected in a patient, the physician's task is to identify the cause, address it, provide iron therapy, and prevent recurrence. However, prevention is best done by early detection. The reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He) is a direct measurement of iron level in reticulocytes recently produced in the bone marrow. The Ret-He measurement may be an early indicator of iron deficiency, as it is sensitive at the initial stage of the condition. Objective To assess for a relationship between Ret-He and IDA as well as to evaluate the usefulness of Ret-He for diagnosing IDA in children. Methods This analytic, observational study with cross-sectional approach included 50 children aged 6-12 years and was performed from November 2013 to March 2014. The subjects were divided into IDA or non-IDA groups, based on ferritin levels. A correlation analysis using logistic regression was performed and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and odds ratio (OR) were calculated. Results were considered to be statistically significant for P values <0.05. Results A low Ret-He level was significantly associated with IDA in children (P=0.005). The Ret-He cut-off point of 27.8 pg/L had sensitivity of 43.8%, specificity 85.3%, PPV 58.3%, and NPV 76.3%, with OR 4.5 (95%CI 1.1 to 17.7). Conclusion We find a significant positive relationship between Haemoglobin (Hb) and Ret-He in children, A low level of Ret-He is associated with greater risk of IDA in children. The Ret-He has a high specificity. As such, Ret-He may be useful as a screening tool for early detection of IDA in children. [Paediatr Indones. 2016;56:90-4.].
Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Tb) is still a public health problem. The prevalence of pulmonary Tb from year to year in Manado is still high even though the management of strategy is relatively the same- prevention by immunization, case finding, and treatment strategy with supervision and with DOT directly. Prevention with immunization results in better body resistance. Immunization against Tb is required in some countries and is recommended in several other countries. Although the majority of toddlers are already BCG vaccinated there are still many pulmonary Tb cases among children in Manado. This study aimed to obtain the relationship between the BCG immunization and pulmonary TB occurence in children in Tuminting Primary Health Care, Manado. The results showed that at Tuminting Primary Health Care most of the toddlers had been BCG immunized. Tuberculosis was found among toddlers aged >3 years and there was a significant correlation between BCG immunization and the occurence of tuberculosis with an OR 0.804. Keywords: immunization BCG, occurence of TB Abstrak: Penyakit TB paru sampai saat ini masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat. Prevalensi TB paru dari tahun ke tahun di Kota Manado tetap tinggi meskipun strategi penanganan yang diterapkan relative sama, yaitu pencegahan dengan imunisasi. penemuan penderita, dan pengobatan dengan strategi DOT atau dengan pengawasan minum obat secara langsung. Pencegahan dengan imunisasi merupakan tindakan yang mengakibatkan seseorang mempunyai ketahanan tubuh yang lebih baik. Imunisasi terhadap penyakit TB telah diwajibkan di beberapa negara serta direkomendasikan di beberapa negara lainnya. Penyakit TB banyak terjadi pada anak di Kota Manado padahal anak balita tersebut sebagian besar sudah divaksinasi BCG. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pemberian imunisasi BCG dengan kejadian TB Paru pada anak di Puskesmas Tuminting Manado. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa sebagian besar anak balita yang berobat di Puskesmas Tuminting telah diberikan imunisasi BCG. Kejadian tuberkulosis ditemukan pada umur >3 tahun dan terdapat hubungan bermakna antara pemberian imunisasi BCG dengan kejadian tuberkulosis paru dengan nilai OR 0,804.Kata kunci: imunisasi BCG, kejadian TB paru
Purpose To determine whether Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 plays a role in absorption of iron preparations given to children with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Methods We performed a quasi-experimental study involving pre- and postintervention tests using a control group in North Sulawesi province, Indonesia, between July and September 2017. We conducted a single-blind controlled trial that included primary school children who were diagnosed with IDA based on reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He) levels <27.8 pg/L. Results A total of 66 children were randomized into 2 groups. Thirty-four children received iron preparations with the addition of L. reuteri DSM 17938 (group 1), whereas the other 32 received iron preparations alone (group 2). The baseline Ret-He levels before intervention were similar in both groups. After 14 days of intervention, mean Ret-He level in group 1 changed from 24.43±1.64 to 28.21±1.72 pg/ L ( P =0.000). Mean Ret-He level in group 2 changed from 24.31±1.42 to 27.03±2.14 pg/L ( P =0.000). Statistical analysis showed a significant increase in Ret-He levels in both groups; Ret-He levels were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group ( P <0.05). Conclusion Children with IDA receiving iron preparations with L. reuteri DSM 17938 for 14 days show higher Ret-He levels than those receiving iron preparations alone.
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