antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a current threat causing an increasing number of infections of difficult clinical management. While the overuse and misuse of antibiotics are investigated to reduce them, the need for alternatives to approaches is rising. carbon-based materials shown recent moderate to high antibacterial properties and diamond, thanks to its superior mechanical, tribological, electrical, chemical and biological quality is a choice material to investigate for safe antibacterial films, coatings and particles. here, the antibacterial properties of diamond films, nanodiamonds, Dlc films and a comprehensive list of the composites developed from them are discussed along with a summary of the bacterial strains used and the most efficient composition and/or concentration discovered. in a later stage, the mechanisms of action and the parameters that are believed to influence them are discussed and finally, an overview of the biomedical and food industry applications is given.
Given the great potential of porous carrier-based drug delivery for stabilising the amorphous form of drugs and enhancing dissolution profiles, this work is focussed on the synthesis and application of carbon onion or onion-like carbon (OLC) as a porous carrier for oral amorphous drug delivery, using paracetamol (PA) and ibuprofen (IBU) as model drugs. Annealing of nanodiamonds at 1100 • C produced OLC with a diamond core that exhibited low cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells. Solution adsorption followed by centrifugation was used for drug loading and results indicated that the initial concentration of drug in the loading solution needs to be kept below 11.5% PA and 20.7% IBU to achieve complete amorphous loading. Also, no chemical interactions between the drug and OLC could be detected, indicating the safety of loading into OLC without changing the chemical nature of the drug. Drug release was complete in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and was faster compared to the pure crystalline drug, indicating the potential of OLC as an amorphous drug carrier.
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