Various solvent extracts from the whole plant of Thymus linearis were screened for their phytochemical and antimicrobial potentials. Preliminary phytochemi-cal screening of plant extracts showed the existence of terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides and reducing sugars. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies were carried out on various phytochemicals extracted from the exhibited T. linearis which resulted in the presence of different compounds like amides, aldehydes, carboxylic acid, ether, alcohol and ketones.
Oral co-administration of ciprofloxacin tablets with diclofenac tablets increased ciprofloxacin AUC and C(max), and reduced ciprofloxacin t(max) and total body clearance.
Liquisolid compact is a novel dosage form in which a liquid medication (liquid drug, drug solution/dispersion in non-volatile solvent/solvent system) is converted to a dry, free flowing powder and compressed. Objective of the study was to elucidate the effect of carrier material on release characteristics of clopidogrel from liquisolid compacts. Different formulations of liquisolid compacts were developed using microcrystalline cellulose, starch maize, polyvinyl pyrollidone and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as carrier material in three concentrations (40, 30 and 20%, w/w). Liquid vehicle was selected on the basis of solubility of clopidogrel. Colloidal silicondioxide was used as coating material and ratio of carrier to coating material was kept 10. A control formulation comprised of microcrystalline cellulose (diluents), tabletose-80 (diluents), primojel (disintegrant) and magnesium stearate (lubricant) was prepared by direct compression technique and was used for comparison. All the formulations were evaluated at pre and post compression level. Acid solubility profile showed higher solubility in HCl buffer pH2 (296.89±3.49 μg/mL). Mixture of propylene glycol and water (2:1, v/v) was selected as liquid vehicle. Drug content was in the range of 99–101% of the claimed quantity. All the formulations showed better mechanical strength and their friability was within the official limits (<1%). Microcrystalline cellulose and starch maize resulted in faster drug release while polyvinyl pyrollidone and HPMC resulted in sustaining drug release by gel formation. It is concluded from results that both fast release and sustained release of clopidogrel can be achieved by proper selection of carrier material.
Present study was conducted to get information on helminth parasites of zoonotic importance among the black rats of district Swat, Pakistan. Two hundred and sixty nine rats were captured from agricultural ecosystem of the district using live captured traps from 2011 to 2013. Captured rats were anesthetized and surveyed for the presence of ectoparasites, then were carefully dissected for investigation of endoparsites. Helminth parasites of 8 species were identified. Presence of parasite was noticed in 23.7% of sampled rats. The infection rates of sampled rats was given in order of their infectivity as Syphacia obvelata 13(4.83%), Aspiculuris tetraptera 13(4.83%), Heterakis spumosa 12 (4.46%), Hymenolepis spp . 9(3.34%), H.diminuta 8(2.97%), Hymenolepis fusa 4(1.48%), Lutziella microacetabularae 4(1.48%) and Lutziella spp. 1 (0.37%). No significant difference (P < 0.4289) was found in prevalence of parasites among areas, crops, crop stages and sex of the host while adult rats were found more infected than sub-adults. S. obvelata and A. tetraptera were the most common species of helminths while Lutziella sp., 1 (0.37%) was found only in one host. Rattus rattus (the black rat) was regarded as the host of helminth parasites of zoonotic importance, therefore the hidden health hazards of this rodent species needed to be considered to prevent infectivity of humans. Current study was concluded that Rattus rattus harbored a wide variety of helminth parasites which shows a hidden risk to inhabitants of the region. Monitoring rats’ population in settle areas and educating the local community about the risk of rat borne parasitic diseases transmission through rats appears to be absolutely essential.
Background and purpose: For treatment of pain, pyrexia and inflammation, medicinal plants have exhibited enormous capability. Medicinal plants are used as anti-pyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents having low gastro intestinal tract disturbing adverse effects. In order to tackle and assure the antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory response of herbs, scientific backdrop is mandatory.Experimental approach: Abdominal writhing was introduced to experimental mice by intra peritoneal injection (i.p) of 1% acetic acid. Pain is induced thermally by observance the mice on hotplate having temperature around 50°C. For antipyretic activity, pyrexia was induced by 20 ml/kg body weight (b.w) i.p brewer's yeast injection. Anti-inflammatory activity was examined in mice by Carrageenan. Thymus linearis methanolic extract (TLME) was used at test doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg b. w i.p in mice.Key results: TLME showed reduced writhing in acetic acid method with dose of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg b. w by 54.00 ± 1.15, 44.00 ± 1.15 and 32.66 ± 0.66 in comparison of control i.e. 66.66 ± 1.76. The latency times in hotplate method was significantly increased from 13.95% to 21.22% at dose of 100 to 300 mg/kg. Antipyretic effect of TLME exhibited 39.70 ± 0.01 protections at 300 mg/kg after 2 h as similar to standard drug Paracetamol 38.57 ± 0.06. Anti-inflammatory effect of TLME was significantly observed by 36.66% and 35.29% respectively at dose of 300 mg/kg. Conclusion and implications:Results of TLME showed that it can be used to treat pyrexia, pain and inflammation. This investigation actively reinforced the ethno pharmacological uses of T. linearis as analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent.
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