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The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of acute exposure to various doses of diazinon, a widely used synthetic organophosphorus (OP) insecticide on plasma glucose, hepatic cells key enzymes of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and oxidative stress in rats. Diazinon was administered by gavage at doses of 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg. The liver was perfused and removed under anaesthesia. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were analysed in liver homogenate. Administration of diazinon (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) increased plasma glucose concentrations by 101.43% (P=0.001), 103.68% (P=0.000) and 160.65% (P=0.000) of control, respectively. Diazinon (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) increased hepatic GP activity by 43.5% (P=0.05), 70.3% (P=0.00) and 117.2% (P=0.02) of control, respectively. In addition, diazinon (30 and 60 mg/kg) increased hepatic PEPCK by 77.3% (P=0.000) and 93.5% (P=0.000) of control, respectively. Diazinon (30 and 60 mg/kg) decreased liver TAC by 38% (P=0.046) and 48% (P=0.000) of control, respectively. Also diazinon (30 and 60 mg/kg) increased hepatic cell liver lipid peroxidation by 77% (P=0.05) and 280% (P=0.000) of control. The correlations between plasma glucose and hepatic cells TBARS (r2=0.537, P=0.02), between plasma glucose and ChE activity (r2=0.81, P=0.049) and between plasma glucose and hepatic cells GP activity (r2=0.833, P=0.04) were significant. It is concluded that the liver cells are a site of toxic action of diazinon. Diazinon increases glucose release from liver into blood through activation of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis as a detoxication non-cholinergic mechanism to overwhelm diazinon-induced toxic stress. The results are in accordance with the hypothesis that OPs are a predisposing factor of diabetes.

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Using ultrasonic technology, trans-cinnamaldehyde as a natural antibacterial compound was used to prepare nano size emulsions to increase its bioavailability and therefore bactericidal action. Nanoemulsions containing trans-cinnamaldehyde as an active agent and 1,8 cineol as co additive oil (Ostwald ripening inhibitor) were formulated using probe sonicator. Three different determining factors, namely time of sonication, surfactant to oil ratio and type of emulsifier (Tween 80 and Tween 20) were investigated to enhance the stability profile. In addition, the effect of changes in the particle size and emulsifier on the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were examined using agar dilution method. Then, the effect of optimized formulation on the membrane fluidity and cell constituent release, were investigated by analysis of membrane lipids using GC-MS and IR spectrometry, respectively. The data showed that a 15min sonication of the formulation containing Tween 80 as emulsifier with surfactant to oil ratio of 2:1 (w/w) resulted in a significant stability for 6months with considerably small particle size of 27.76±0.37nm. Furthermore, the nanoemulsion showed great antibacterial activity and could reduce the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) from 8 to 1mg/mL against E. coli and S. aureus, and from 16 to 2mg/mL against P. aeruginosa. Interestingly, E. coli's membrane fluidity increased dramatically after treatment with the optimum nanoemulsion (T804). This study revealed that nanoemulsion of trans-cinnamaldehyde and 1,8 cineol has substantial antibacterial activity against selected microorganisms.

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